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Biosci106 > Plant Bio 3; Plant Medicinal > Flashcards

Plant Bio 3; Plant Medicinal Flashcards

1
Q

What do secondary metabolites in plants do?

A

Defend against herbivores, bacteria, fungi, insects etc, has a role in fertility, attractants and some secondary metabolites are phytonutrients, medicinals

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2
Q

What are primary metabolites?

A

Core compounds found in most organisms

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3
Q

What are secondary metabolites?

A

Often involved in defence or interactions with pollinators and often only a few species

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4
Q

What are nitrogen containing compounds?

A

Secondary metabolites

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5
Q

What are are types of secondary metabolites?

A

Alkaloids

Glucosinolates

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6
Q

What are alkaloids like?

A 
Heterogenous group of compounds 
At least one nitrogen atom- most are basic 
Can be toxic to humans 
-ine (ending) 
-purine derivatives 
-amino acid derivatives
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7
Q

Examples of purine derivatives from alkaloids?

A

Caffeine
Theobromine
Theophylline

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8
Q

What are amino acid derivatives from alkaloids?

A

Tryptophane; nicotine
Histamine; pilocarpine, histamine
Tyrosine; opiates, morphine, codeine

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9
Q

What are four secondary metabolites with evidence of a protective function?

A

Isothiocyanates
Lypocene
Genistein
Epigallocatechin gallate

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10
Q

What is isothiocyanate?

A

From broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables that might detoxify carcinogens

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11
Q

What is lypocene?

A

A carotenoid abundant in tomatoes and has been shown to protect against several forms of cancer

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12
Q

What is genistein?

A

An isoflavonoid from sky beans may protect against cancer

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13
Q

What is epigallocatechin gallate?

A

From green tea that may help eliminate immortality from some cancer cells

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14
Q

Examples of glucosinolates?

A

Sulforaphane (broccoli) - anticancer properties

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15
Q

What is an example of a potent insecticide?

A

Nicotine

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16
Q

Describe alkaloids?

A

Organic nitrous bases
More than 10,000
Poisons, narcotics, stimulants and medicine
Source of 25% pharmaceuticals
Structures mean chemical synthesis can be difficult/expensive
Economically important

17
Q

What is theobromine less potent than?

A

Caffeine

18
Q

Describe opiates?

A

Derived from dried latex of poppy
Morphine and codeine- analgesics
Heroin- morphine derivatives
Complex structure means cultivation is the main source

19
Q

What is morphine?

A

A powerful narcotic analgesic alkaloid derived from poppy

20
Q

Examples of opiates?

A

Codeine
Noscapine
Thebaine
Morphine

21
Q

What are the therapeutic uses for opiates?

A

Pain reliever

Anergesic

22
Q

What is morphine like?

A

Effective but addictive

23
Q

Where are poppies cultivated?

A

Middle East
Thailand
South America and Mexico

24
Q

What would make a safer poppy?

A

Allowing it to make morphine and codeine but not heroin

25
Q

What is EMS mutagenesis?

A

Treating seeds of a commercial poppy with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS is an organic compound which produces random mutations in genetic material by guanine alkylation)

26
Q

What happens in EMS mutagenesis?

A

You alkylate the guanine which pairs with thymine and so the top 1 mutant accumulates thebaine and oripauine but not morphine and codeine

27
Q

What are thebaine and oripauine used as?

A

Precursors for semi synthetic analgeasics such as etorphine

28
Q

Example of a glucosinolate?

A

Broccoli

29
Q

What has anti cancer properties in broccoli?

A

Sulforaphane

30
Q

What type of broccoli produces elevated levels of glucoraphanin?

A

Beneforte

31
Q

Properties of glucosinolates?

A

Contain nitrogen and sulphur
Defence mechanism against pest and disease
Glucoraphanin is a precursor of sulforaphane (anti-cancer properties)-source= broccoli

32
Q

What is ZMapp?

A

The growing future of plant-made medicines

Biosci106 (18 decks)

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