Lipids 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes cholesterol useful?

A

That it’s Janus-faced and has insolubility in water

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2
Q

Sources of cholesterol?

A
  1. Diet eg eggs, liver, fish
  2. De novo synthesis (adults on low cholesterol diet synthesis around 800mg cholesterol per day), cells can’t degrade steroid nucleus, excreted by the liver (in bile), consume it biochemically
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3
Q

What’s the major site of cholesterol synthesis?

A

Liver (needs to be tightly regulated)

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4
Q

Where are all 27 carbons of cholesterol derived from?

A

Acetyl CoA in 3 stages

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5
Q

3 stages synthetic process that cholesterol gains 27 carbons?

A
  1. Synthesis of isopentenyl pyrophosphate, an inactivated isoprene that is the key building block of cholesterol
  2. Condensation of 6 molecules of isopentyl pyrophosphate to form squalene
  3. The cyclisation of squalene in an “outstanding reaction” and the tetracyclic product is subsequently converted into cholesterol
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6
Q

Where do the three stages of cholesterol synthesis located?

A
1= cytoplasm
2,3= endoplasmic reticulum
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7
Q

What’s the committed step of cholesterol formation?

A

Synthesis of mevalonate

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8
Q

What catalyses the synthesis of mevalonate?

A

HMG-CoA reductase

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9
Q

What is the intermediate in the first step of cholesterol synthesis?

A

HMG-CoA (from acetyl CoA and acetoacetyl CoA)

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10
Q

Four ways HMG COA reductase controlled?

A
  1. Rate of synthesis
  2. Rate of translation
  3. Rate of degradation
    (1-3 alter the amount of enzyme more than 200 fold)
  4. Phosphorylation of the reductase reduces its activity
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11
Q

What are potent competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase?

A

Lovostatin and related compound

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12
Q

What is another method on inhibiting cholesterol levels?

A

Inhibiting intestinal reabsorption of bile salts (bile salts ate cholesterol derivatives that promote the absorption of dietary cholesterol and dietary fats)- this is the oral administration of positively charged polymers (eg cholestyramine) that bind negatively charged bile salts

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13
Q

What transports cholesterol throughout the organism?

A

Lipoproteins

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14
Q

What are lipoproteins comprised of?

A

A core of hydrophobic lipids surrounded by a shell of more polar lipids and proteins

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15
Q

What can lipoprotein particles shift between?

A

Classes as they release or pickup cargo, thereby changing their density

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16
Q

What is the purpose of low- density lipoprotein?

A

B100, cholesterol transport

17
Q

What’s the purpose of high-density lipoprotein?

A

Reverse cholesterol transport

18
Q

What are the two roles of the apoproteins (protein components of macro molecular aggregates)?

A

Solubilise hydrophobic lipids

Contain cell-targeting signals

19
Q

What plays a central role in cholesterol metabolism?

A

Low-density lipoproteins

20
Q

What’s a primary source of cholesterol from cells outside the liver and intestine that don’t make a lot of it?

A

Plasma (not de novo synthesis)

21
Q

Primary source of cholesterol transport?

A

LDL

22
Q

Steps of receptor mediated endocytosis?

A
  1. B100 (apolipoprotein) binds to LDL receptor
  2. LDL particle complex is internalised by endocytosis
  3. Endosome is acidified (proton pump)
    Causes receptor to release LDL cargo- some receptor returns to cell surface, some is degraded
  4. Endosome fuses to lysosomes, protein components hydrolysed to free amino acids. Cholesterol esterols hydrolysed to release free cholesterol (membrane biosynthesis, re-esterified, stored inside cell- must be ester)
23
Q

How does the LDL receptor relinquish its cargo on entering the cell?

A

In its extended or open state it binds LDL

In its closed state it releases the LDL in endosome and decreases pH of endinsmbe

24
Q

What does the absence of the LDL receptor lead to?

A

Hypercholesterolaemia and atherosclerosis

25
Q

What is familial hyoercholesterolaemia?

A

When cholesterol is deposited in various tissue because the high concentration of LDL cholesterol in the plasma- molecular effect in most cases is an absence or a deficiency of functional receptors for LDL

26
Q

What is homozygote in familial hypercholesterolaemia?

A

No functional LDL receptors

Most die of severe coronary heart disease in childhood

27
Q

What is heterozygote form of familial hypercholesterolaemia??

A

Half the normal number of LDL receptors

Premature cardiovascular disease in 30s or 40s

28
Q

What does one class of mutations that results in familial hypercholesterolaemia do?

A

Generates receptors that are reluctant to give up LDL cargo

29
Q

What do 50% of FH mutations do?

A

Disrupts the open/closed state conversion

30
Q

What does the FH mutation of failure to disrupt the open/closed state interconversion do?

A

Results in failure of the receptor to release the LDL particle and loss of the receptor by degradation

31
Q

What are some important derivatives of cholesterol?

A

Vitamin D, bile salts, steroid hormones

32
Q

What are bile salts?

A
  • polar derivatives of cholesterol
  • highly effective detergents
  • are released into the small intestine and solubilise dietary lipids
33
Q

What is a precursor to the 5 major classes of steroid hormones?

A

Cholesterol