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Biosci106 > Lipids 1 > Flashcards

Lipids 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of membranes?

A

Sheet like, two molecules thick, form closed boundaries between different compartments

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2
Q

What are membrane lipids?

A

Small molecules that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties. They spontaneously form lipid bilayers that are a barrier to the flow of polar molecules

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3
Q

What do membranes consist of?

A

Lipids and proteins, also carbohydrates

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4
Q

What regulates the functions of membranes?

A

Specific proteins

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5
Q

How are proteins and lipids held together?

A

By non covalent interactions which act cooperatively

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6
Q

Symmetry of membranes?

A

Asymmetric- two faces of biological membranes differ

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7
Q

Fluidity of membranes?

A

Very fluid as there is a rapid diffusion of lipids in the plane of the membrane- although they do not readily rotate across

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8
Q

Polarity of membrane?

A

Most cell membranes are electrically polarised, eg the inside is typically negative

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9
Q

Four major roles of fatty acids?

A
  1. Are building blocks of phospholipids and glycolipids
  2. Proteins are modified by the covalent attachment of fatty acid
  3. Are fuel molecules
  4. Derivatives of fatty acids serve as hormones and intracellular messengers
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10
Q

What are fatty acids stored as?

A

Triacylglycerols (uncharged esters of fatty acids with glycerol)

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11
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A

Only single bonds in the fatty acid

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12
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acid?

A

At least one double bone on the fatty acid

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13
Q

Stereochemistry of double bond in unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Cis

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14
Q

What is oleate?

A

A monosaturated fatty acid : 18:1 cis-9

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15
Q

Do fatty acids vary in chain length and degree of unsaturation?

A

Yes

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16
Q

16 carbon fatty acid?

A

Palmitate; CH2(CH2)14COO-

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17
Q

18 carbon fatty acid?

A

Stearate ; CH3(CH2)18COO-

18
Q

What are essential fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids we can’t make

19
Q

What is a trans isomer implicates in?

A

Disease

20
Q

But what is the benefit of a cis changing to a trans isomer?

A

More stable, lower energy confirmation

21
Q

What diet is cardiovascular disease correlates with?

A

A diet high in saturated fat

22
Q

What are vegetable oils high in and what are they prone to?

A

Polyunsaturated far- prone to oxidation and instability

23
Q

What happens to polyunsaturated fats to make then more stable/less prone to oxidation?

A

They’re hydrogenated, converted to saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids (trans fat) which will also convert liquid into a solid

24
Q

What do epidemiological evidence appear to support?

A

Consumption of large amounts of saturated fats and trans fats promote heart disease

25
Q

What is plant oil made from?

A

55-83% oleic oil 18:1

Liquid at room temperature

26
Q

What is animal fat?

A

Saturated fatty acids

Solid at room temperature

27
Q

What is the process of hydrogenation?

A

Increased MP of fats (to spreads)
Addition of H atoms to polyunsat vegetable oils to semi solid/solid
Partial control; H2/temperature/time

28
Q

Three major kinds of membrane lipids? (Structural lipids)

A

Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Cholesterol

29
Q

What is the major class of membrane lipids?

A

Phospholipids

30
Q

What four components make up a phospholipid?

A

One or more fatty acids
A platform to which fatty acids are attached
Phosphate
An alcohol attached to the phosphate

31
Q

What can the platform on which a phospholipid can be built called?

A

Glycerol
3 carbon alcohol or sphingosine
More complex alcohol

32
Q

What is a phospholipid derived from glycerol called?

A

Phosphoglycerides

33
Q

What is it called when no further additions are made to the resulting compound, and what amount are present in membranes?

A

Phosphatidate

34
Q

How are major phosphoglycerides derived from phosphatidate?

A

By the formation of an ester bond between the phosphate group of phosphatidate and hydroxyl group of one of servers alcohols

35
Q

Two types of phospholipids?

A

Phosphatidylserine

Phosphatidylcholine

36
Q

What are the name of some membrane lipids that include carbohydrate moieties?

A

Glycolipids

37
Q

Example of a glycolipids?

A

Cerebroside

38
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A lipid based on a steroid nucleus

39
Q

What anchor to membranes through covalently attached lipid anchors?

A

Some proteins

40
Q

When can soluble proteins associate with membranes?

A

If hydrophobic groups are attached to proteins

41
Q

What proteins are common anchoring proteins?

A

N-myristoyl and s-palmitoyl

42
Q

What if a potential therapeutic application regarding membranes?

A

Lipid vesicles or liposomes

Biosci106 (18 decks)

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