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Biosci106 > Plant Bio 2: Developing Better Food > Flashcards

Plant Bio 2: Developing Better Food Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major human nutritional deficiencies?

A

Fe 20-40%
Vitamin A 10%
Iodine
Zinc

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2
Q

What has the highest source of vitamin A?

A

Beef liver

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3
Q

What is the absorption and transportation of vitamin A like?

A

Fat soluble vitamin

Absorbed and transported with lipids

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4
Q

Where is vitamin A stored?

A

In the liver

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5
Q

What is b-carotene?

A

Pro-vitamin A

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6
Q

What does B-carotene Di oxygenase become?

A

2x retinal molecules
Retinol
Retinoic acid

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7
Q

What is a major role of vitamin A?

A

Part of the visual pigment rhodopsin

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8
Q

What are forms of vitamin A also involved in?

A

Gene expression
Maintenance of epithelial tissue
Regulation of growth and differentiation cells- including some cells of the immune system

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9
Q

As part of rhodopsin, what does retinal bind to?

A

The protein opsin

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10
Q

In regulation of gene expression, what does retinoic acid bind to?

A

Protein receptor

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11
Q

What does retinoic acid (RA) binding to DNA receptors (transcription factors) lead to?

A

Modification of gene expressions

RA involved in early embryonic development

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?

A 
Dry cornea and eventual blindness (xerophthalmia) 
Night blindness (insufficient retinal for rhodopsin formation) 
Impaired immune function
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13
Q

How many people affected by vitamin A deficiency?

A

750 million

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14
Q

What are vulnerable groups for different vitamin A deficiencies?

A

Children from 6 months to 6 years

Pregnant women
Lactating women

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15
Q

What countries have highest vitamin A deficiencies?

A

Developing countries; Africa, Asia, western pacific

39

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16
Q

How many children develop xerophthalmia?

A

5-10 million

17
Q

What changes GGPP (geranylgeranyl-PP) to phypotene + 2 pyrophosphates?

A

Phytoene synthase (PSY)

18
Q

What changes phytoene + 2 pyrophosphates to c-carotene?

A

Phytoene desatorase

19
Q

What changes c-carotene to lycopene?

A

Zeta carotene desaturase

Carotene isomerase

20
Q

What changes lycopene to b-carotene (pro-vitamin A) and a-carotene?

A

Lycopene cyclase (LCY)

21
Q

Where does the carotenoid pathway occur?

A

In chloroplasts

22
Q

Which enzyme is rice endosperm?

A

Lycopene cyclase (LCY)

23
Q

What is gene 1 in golden rice?

A

PSY daffodil

24
Q

What is gene 2 in golden rice?

A

Gene from bacteria erwinia=

carotene desaturase 1 CRT 1

25
Q

What is the ingo potrykus idea?

A

To increase the b-carotene content in rice grain (endosperm) because it’s a staple food source, by using genetic engineering, or a reconstitution of carotenoid pathway in rice endosperm

26
Q

Genetic engineering process?

A 
DNA
-transcription 
RNA
-translation 
Protein 
Trait
27
Q

How do you add genes into a plant genome?

A

Hijack a natural process: eg agrobacterium tumefaciens (a natural genetic engineer)

28
Q

What is transferred from Ti plasmid on the bacterium to the plant genome?

A

Everything between the LB and the RB on the T-DNA (transfer DNA)

29
Q

What’s in the left border sequence?

A

Promoter; glutelin
ATG; coding sequence; PSY

Terminator poly-A tail

30
Q

What’s in the middle gene 1 sequence?

A

Glutelin
Choloroplast targeting signal
CRT 1

31
Q

What’s in the third gene for golden rice?

A

355 (promoter)

Encode for resistance to antibiotic or herbicide

32
Q

Example of possible encodings?

A

Kanamycin

Hygromycin

33
Q

What is a 355 gene do?

A

Expresss gene everywhere aka a constitutive expression

34
Q

What are the results of the golden rice experiment?

A

Increased levels of b-carotene

Didn’t have high enough levels of carotene to supply provitamin needs

35
Q

What did the second golden rice use?

A

PSY gene from maize

36
Q

Limitations of golden rice?

A

Not enough to meet daily recommended amounts (GR2)

People also require zinc and other elements in their diet

Limitations from culture and tradition

Biosci106 (18 decks)

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