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Botany 130 > Plant Anatomy - Evolutionary Perspective > Flashcards

Plant Anatomy - Evolutionary Perspective Flashcards

1
Q

When did plants arise and from what?

A

Over 440 Million years ago from Green algae.

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2
Q

What is the evidence that plants came from green algae?

A

Pigmentation, cell walls containing cellulose, starch stored in plastids.

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3
Q

What organisms have a ground tissue system?

A

All Plants and Algae

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4
Q

What organisms have a Dermal tissue system?

A

All Plants.

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5
Q

What organisms have a Vascular Tissue System?

A

Some plants.

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6
Q

What is Parenchyma tissue? Is it simple or complex? Where is it found?

A

Simple tissue found in the Ground tissue system. Made up of Parenchyma cells.

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7
Q

Describe Parenchyma cells.

A

Parenchyma cells are living, undifferentiated plant cells usually lacking a secondary cell wall. They are Totipotent.

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8
Q

Describe Sclerenchyma cells. Where are they found?

A

Develop a secondary wall and serve to support and protect the plant. Sclerenchyma cells are found in all three tissue systems. Fibers.

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9
Q

What is the Xylem and what does it include?

A

It is a complex tissue that include tracheary elements.

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10
Q

Which cell is bigger: Parenchyma or Collenchyma?

A

Parenchyma cells.

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11
Q

What are the two types of tracheary elements?

A
  1. Tracheids. 2. Vessel elements.
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12
Q

What are Tracheids?

A

Less specialized type of conducting cell. Do not have perforations.

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13
Q

What are Vessel elements?

A

They, unlike Tracheids, contain perforations, which are areas lacking both primary and secondary walls.

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14
Q

What are Perforation Plates?

A

They are the part of the wall bearing the perforation(s).

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15
Q

What are the principle conducting cells of the phloem?

A

Sieve elements.

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16
Q

What are the two types of Sieve elements?

A
  1. Sieve cells. 2. Sieve tube elements.
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17
Q

What are sieve-tube elements associated with?

A

Specialized Parenchyma cells called: Companion cells

18
Q

What tissues that comprise the Xylem are dead and which are alive?

A

Dead: Vessels, tracheids (Tracheary elements), xylem fibers. Alive: Certain Parenchyma cells.

19
Q

What are Sieve cells associated with? What is it made up of?

A

Albuminous cells. Which are comprised of specialized Parenchyma cells.

20
Q

What is a main difference between sieve cells and sieve tube elements?

A

Sieve tube elements contain sieve plates.

21
Q

What are sieve tubes?

A

The end on end, in a longitudinal series of stacked sieve tube elements.

22
Q

What function do Parenchyma cells serve in the Xylem?

A

Storage.

23
Q

What function do fibers have in the Xylem?

A

Support; sometimes storage.

24
Q

What function do Sclerenchyma (Fibers; Sclereids) cells have in the Phloem?

A

Support, sometimes storage.

25
Q

What are the 2 tissues in the dermal tissue system?

A
  1. Epidermis. 2. Periderm.
26
Q

What are the 3 types of tissues in the ground tissue system?

A
  1. Parenchyma. 2. Collenchyma. 3. Sclerenchyma.
27
Q

What are sclereids comprised of?

A

Sclerenchyma

28
Q

What is the Cohesion-Tension Theory?

A

Water is pulled up the tracheary elements, because water molecules stick together (cohere) via hydrogen bonds.

29
Q

What elements of the Xylem only has pits?

A

Tracheids.

30
Q

What is Primary Growth?

A

Elongates the axis of a plant.

31
Q

What is Secondary Growth?

A

Increases the girth of the plant.

32
Q

Where is cell division limited to in plants?

A

Regions of parenchyma cells call meristems.

33
Q

What are the 3 types of meristems?

A
  1. Apical. 2. Lateral. 3. Intercalary.
34
Q

What do Apical Meristems do?

A

They extend the length of the plant body.

35
Q

What do Lateral Meristems do?

A

They extend the gridth of a stem or root.

36
Q

What are Intercalary Meristems?

A

These are regions of growth situated between two regions of mature (non-growing) tissue. (This is how grass grows upwards).

37
Q

What is the Protoderm?

A

It matures to form the epidermis.

38
Q

What does the ground meristem form?

A

Ground Tissue.

39
Q

What does the Procambium form into?

A

Forms vascular system.

40
Q

How does branching occur in the root?

A

From within a tissue layer called the Pericycle.

41
Q

What type(s) of cells make up the pith?

A

Just Parenchyma

42
Q

What type(s) of cells make up the cortex?

A

Parenchyma and Collenchyma

Botany 130 (19 decks)

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