Angiosperms Flashcards
What characteristics do angiosperms have?
Xylem with vessels, flowers with stamens and carpels. Ovules and carpels develop into fruits.
What is the stamen? What two parts make it up?
Microsporophyll with four sporangia. It consists of the anther and the filament.
What are carpels?
Megasporophyll enclosing the ovules.
Describe the evolution of carpels.
A leaf with sporangia folded over to create a single fused carpel. Over time, there were three fused carpels.
What is the embryo sac?
A mature megagametophyte.
Describe the evolution of stamens.
A modified leaf surrounding 2 sporangia containing 2 pollen sacs. Over time, The sprangia surrounded the leaf. The leaf part is reduced.
How can double fertilization occur? (2)
- One sperm unites with the egg to form the diploid zygote. 2. One sperm unites with two polar nuclei to form the endosperm.
What is the endosperm?
A triploid storage of tissues of tissues.
How many cotyledon(s) does a monocot have? How many flower parts?
They have 1 cotyledon. And they have flower parts in threes.
Do monocots have true secondary growth?
No.
Do eudicots have true secondary growth?
Yes.
What are the vascular bundles in eudicots like? What about in monocots?
Eudicots have vascular bundles in a ring. Monocots have scattered vascular bundles.
How many cotyledon(s) do eudicots have?
Two.
What three parts make up the carpal?
Stigma, style, and ovary.
In the anther, what undergoes meiosis to form what?
The microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to create 4 microspores.
In the anther, what undergoes mitosis to form what?
The microspores undergo mitosis to create the male gametophyte (pollen).
What two cells make up the male gametophyte?
- Tube cell (makes tube through style to ovary). 2. Generative cells (creates sperm cells).
What structures are contained in the ovary?
Ovules.
How are megaspores created in the ovule?
From the megaspore mother cell undergoing meiosis.
How are eggs formed in the ovule?
They result from meiosis of megaspores.
What is the evolutionary significance of petals, nectar, and fragrance?
To attract pollinators.
How many sperm does the generative cell create?
Two.
What leads to the endosperm (the nutritive tissue)?
When 1 sperm unites with 2 polar nuclei.
Are the endosperm in gymnosperms haploid, diploid, or triploid? What about angiosperms?
Gymnosperms have haploid endosperms. Angiosperms have triploid endosperms.
What becomes the seed coat in angiosperms?
The ovule.
What constitutes a seed?
The embryo, food reserves (endosperm), and seed coat.
What becomes the fruit?
The ovary (not ovule).
What are eudicots?
One clade of dicots that have pollen with 3 openings.
What does the zygote develop into?
Forms large basal cell (forms suspensor) and small apical cell (gives rise to embryo)
What are three types of “basal angiosperms”?
Amborella, water lilies. and magnolids.
What are the carpels on Amborella like?
They are glued together, not fused.
Are Amborella monoecios or dioecious?
Dioecious.
Do amborella have vessels?
No, only tracheids.
What are examples of monocots?
Rice, wheat, maize, grasses.
What kind of venation do monocots have?
Parallel.
What kind of venation do eudicots have?
Net-like.
What kind of plants are considered to be eudicots?
Many fruits and vegetables.
What is a calyx?
The collective Sepals
What is a corolla?
The collective petals.
What are flowers?
A determinate shoot that bears sporophylls, which are sporangium-bearing leaves.
What becomes the fruit wall?
The carpel.
What is a perfect flower?
Have both stamens and carpels (bisexual).
What is an imperfect flower?
Have either stamens, or carpels.
What is a monoecious plant?
Has both types of imperfect flowers on the same plant.
What are complete flowers?
Have all 4 floral whorls.
What are the four floral whorls?
Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
What are incomplete flowers?
Lacking one of the 4 floral whorls.
What is a Tapetum?
It adds a lipid-rich coat to the surface layer of the pollen grain and the spaces within it.
What is the tapetum formed by?
The innermost layer of the pollen sac wall.
