Planning Process Flashcards
The concept of __________ is central to the notion of a cyclical process of planning.
Rationality
founded on the principles of reasoning rather than simply on emotions or inspired guesswork.
Rational
is generally taken to mean that one seeks to obtain the maximum output for a certain input, or alternatively, to minimize the inputs required to obtain a certain output.
Rationality
“Lens of Rationality”
Planning
Developing the plan is actually laying out the sequence of events that have to occur for you to achieve your goal.
True
a means of developing
policies and programs to
fulfill diverse needs and goals.
Planning Process
The process boils down to two
main parts
Elaboration of ends
Specification of means
“the process of determining goals and designing the means by which these goals may be achieved.”
Robert Young
can be viewed as an approach to
problem solving. It provides a systematic way of viewing problems and developing short- and long-term solutions. It can also be viewed as a decision-making process used to help guide decisions concerning future needs.
Planning
all significant options and impacts are considered
Comprehensive
the process should not waste time or money
Efficient
people affected by the plan have the opportunity to get involved
Inclusive
results are understood by stakeholders (people affected by a decision)
Informative
individual, short-term decisions should support strategic, long-term decisions
Integrated
each step leads to the next
Logical
everybody involved understands how the process operates
Transparent
He wrote the amoral philosophy of expediency in The Prince
Niccolo Machiavelli
What is the correct ethics in The Prince
The ends and the means have to justify each other.
Consistency and connectedness between intention and action
Compatibility between goals and methods
elaboration of means
• prediction of consequences
Technical Exercise
under the rational approach The planner is required to consider all the alternatives and consequences of these.
Comprehsiveness
a means to allocate resources in the most efficient manner within a comprehensive framework
Allocative mechanism
Other Attributes of the Planning Process
SMDPCT
Science and Art
Multidisciplinary
Dynamic
Participatory
Cyclic/Spiral
Time Bound
interpret the planning process based from their needs.
Authors/Institutions
Phases of General Level Planning
- Basic Goals
- Study and Analysis
- Plan or Policy Preparation
- Implementation and Effectuation
- Monitoring and Feedback
Stages of the Planning Process
IDDSD
Stage 1: Identify problems and needs
Stage 2: Develop goals and objectives
Stage 3: Develop alternative strategies
Stage 4: Select strategies and develop a detailed plan
Stage 5: Design a monitoring and evaluation plan
is a ubiquitous human endeavor found in different facets of everyday life.
Problem-Solving
an “image” of what is involved;
Conceptualize the problematic situation
to explain what the “image” looks like;
Arrive at a representation of the problem situation
the process of determining what the people want their city municipality to become is often considered the most important step in the planning process.
Goal Formulation
is an intermediate condition achieved along the pathway toward some larger desired accomplishment (outcome).
Objective
is a desired outcome that is more specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time-bound (SMART)
Target
Indicates the target population for given services.
Specific
Indicates how many will be targeted.
Measurable
Indicates the geographic location of the target population or community.
Area-specific
Takes into account existing resources, and has the support of the target population or community involved.
Realistic
Should indicate the time period when accomplishments will be achieved.
Time-Bound
two most critical influences conceptualizing alternatives.
Creativity and thought
The development of the plan requires four types of activities:
- Programming
- Allocating resources
- Scheduling
- Fixing accountability
Identify the activities or tasks that need to be completed in order to reach the desired obiectives.
Programming
Determine and assign the resources needed to implement the activities.
Resources are normally divided into three general categories: human, physical (materials, facilities and equipment) and financial.
Allocating resources
Establish the required time needed to complete each activity. This will involve an assessment of how long each task takes to be completed.
Scheduling
Determine specific individual and/or agencies/institutions responsible for the accomplishment of activities.
Fixing accountability
There are two types of evaluations
Process Evaluation
Impact evaluation
concerned with the efficient use of resources such as personnel and equipment, and focuses on reducing waste and making more productive use of scarce resources. It is primarily concerned with finding better ways of implementing the plan.
Process Evaluation
Measure whether or not the plan is having an impact on the target population or environment. It is concerned with program effectiveness, that is, whether or not the plan is achieving its objectives.
Impact Evaluations
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE PLANNING PROCESS
- Problem Diagnosis
- Goal Articulation
- Prediction and Projection
- Design of Alternatives
- Plan Testing
- Evaluation
- Implementation
Planning begins with some sense of dissatisfaction with the status quo; if there were no problem, there would be no need for action. In many cases problems are not defined so clearly, and the planner’s task includes diagnosis prior to developing alternative solution strategies.
Problem Diagnosis
Goals relate to problem definitions. The translation of vague and incoherent goals into operational terms is one of the most difficult challenges of planning. The correct identification and clear articulation of goals and objectives are important and a critical part of the planning process.
Goal Articulation
The development of alternative solutions to problems alwavs requires proiection into the future in order to estimate the conditions, needs, and constraints Prediction and is essential for evaluating and selecting alternatives. Evaluation ailernative proposal thour possible future
conditions.
Prediction and Projection
Design of actions
Planning
one of the planner’s unique skills
Capability of designing alternatives
Each option that has been developed or designed has to be subjected to another test:
Plan Testing
This stage begins when the planners have a number of alternatives they know can be implemented. If there is only one alternative, there must be a “go/no go” decision either to carry out the proposed set of actions or do nothing. In other contexts, with options to compare, decision makers have some freedom to estimate the relative impact of each. One option is to do nothing, and retain the status quo.
Evaluation
becomes the indivisible part of the process that links intentions with results. A strong political commitment appears to be necessary, but not always sufficient, condition for the adoption and successful realization of results. Clearly defined goals, which are translatable into objectives that can be monitored, are important.
Implementation
