LESSON 2.1

Question 1

Planning is necessary due to the __________________ of land use issues related to rights, displacement, control, and power, which are connected across institutions, communities, and individuals.

Answer 1

interconnectedness

Question 2

Land use issues are not isolated but connected to other concerns, such as rights and displacement.

Answer 2

Interconnectedness of Planning
Examples:
1. The construction of Metro Manila’s BGC displaced informal settlers, highlighting the complex dynamics of control and
power in urban development.
2. The New Clark City Development required planning to address displacement concerns of Aetas and land use control.

Question 3

Planning processes involve addressing a range of issues across different levels, from institutional to personal.

Answer 3

Complexity of Planning ; For example,
Coastal zoning in the Philippines needs to consider not just environmental aspects but also community livelihoods and
legal frameworks.

Question 4

A structured and systematic approach to planning involves setting clear goals and formulating actionable steps.

Answer 4

For example, the draft National Land Use Act in the Philippines emphasizes structured land-use goals that align with
national development objectives.

Question 5

Key Planning Questions

Answer 5

Planners must address questions like
1. “What is the goal?” and
2. “How can the problem be solved?”
For example, the goal of the Manila Bay Rehabilitation project was to restore water quality, and the approach involved multiple stakeholder engagements and infrastructure improvements.

Question 6

Planning Areas

Answer 6

Planning occurs at various scales:
1. National (PDP)
2. Regional,
3. Subregional,
4. Provincial (Provincial
Physical Framework Plan)
5. City/Municipality (CLUP)
6. Site, and
7. Barangay ((Barangay Development
Plan)

In the Philippines, national plans include the Philippine Development Plan, while city-level plans include Comprehensive
Land Use Plans (CLUPs) like those in Quezon City.

Question 7

Legitimacy and
Authority in Planning

Answer 7

Legitimacy precedes authority and is essential for planners to recommend decisions that affect others.

For example, the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) in the Philippines derives legitimacy from legal mandates to regulate land use.

Question 8

Planners have the authority to propose solutions due to their specialized knowledge.

Answer 8

Planners have professional expertise

For example, Environmental
planners proposed solutions to traffic congestion in Metro Manila using their expertise in transport planning.

Question 9

Explain Bureaucratic Position

Answer 9

Planners’ formal role within government structures gives them the power to influence decisions.

For example, Planners within the Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development (DHSUD) implement housing policies nationwide.

Question 10

Public or stakeholder participation in decision-making is essential.

Planning addresses individual actions that affect society at large.

Answer 10

Because in the end planning goes out for the masses, as they are the users that will very much be benefited and/or affected with the development that will arise.

Example: Zoning ordinances in Makati prevent particular businesses from setting up in residential areas.

Question 11

Aggregate Self-interest
and its Consequences

Answer 11

The cumulative self-interest of different parties can lead to adverse community outcomes.

For example, Overfishing in Philippine coastal areas due to individual fishermen’s actions has depleted marine resources.

Question 12

Planning is a ______________ mechanism of decision-making.

Answer 12

top-down;

For example, the government’s Build, Build, Build program showcases top-down planning to prioritize infrastructure projects nationwide.

Question 13

What are some constants of planning?

Answer 13

Planning focuses on housing, employment, waste management, transportation, and maintaining environmental balance.

Question 14

Explain Driving forces, Moderating Forces,
and Mitigating Forces

Driving forces :
Moderating Forces:
and Mitigating Forces:

Answer 14

Driving forces propel change; moderating forces adjust or redirect change; and mitigating forces provide balance.

For example, economic growth drives urbanization in Metro Manila (driving force), but zoning laws (moderating force)
balance development with environmental conservation.

Question 15

A framework for analyzing environmental problems by connecting drivers, pressures, state, impact, and responses.

Answer 15

DPSIR Framework (Driver, Pressure, State, Impact, Responses)

Question 16

Importance of Goals

Answer 16

Goals are essential as they provide direction, focus efforts, guide decision-making, and help evaluate progress.

Question 17

Five Common Types of Goals

Answer 17

Legacy Goals
Mandated Goals
General Goals
Community Needs
Community Aspirations

Question 18

These are leftover from previously adopted policies and are still followed.

Answer 18

Legacy Goals

Question 19

Goals that are defined by national policy or legal mandates.

Answer 19

Mandated Goals

Question 20

Generic goals address matters of public interest such as environmental quality or equity.

Answer 20

General Goals

Question 21

Goals that respond to forecasts of population, economic, or environmental changes.

Example: Addressing the increasing population in the CALABARZON region with infrastructure expansion and housing programs.

Answer 21

Community Needs

Question 22

Goals that come from participatory processes, reflecting the desires of the community.

Answer 22

Community Aspirations

Question 23

What is the scope of planning?

Answer 23

Planning covers different sectors, levels of complexity, spatial areas, and approaches.

Example: National plans in the
Philippines incorporate sectoral concerns like housing, health, and environmental protection at different spatial levels.

Question 24

What are the sectoral concerns of Planning

Answer 24

Three Pillars of Sustainability + institutional and infrastructural

Planning can be broken down into social, economic, environmental, institutional, and infrastructural concerns.

Question 25

Explain the limits of planning

Answer 25

Planning faces both intrinsic and contextual limits.

Intrinsic limits are internal to the planning process or the planner, while contextual limits come from the external environment in which the planning occurs.

Example: Intrinsic limits exist due to uncertainties in predicting environmental impacts, while contextual limits arise due to political instability affecting long-term development plans in some regions.

Question 26

Environmental Pollution and Protection

Answer 26

Environmental factors can limit planning effectiveness.

Example: Manila’s air quality problems make sustainable urban
planning difficult without addressing pollution control first.