Planning, Design, and Construction Flashcards
Enables project participants to access various digital models throughout the design process without having to wait for paper drawings to be produced and delivered.
Building Information Modeling (BIM)
Is a fixed-price agreement, broken down into phases: preliminary, design development, construction documents, and construction administration. This is generally calculated from an estimate by the designer for the amount of work (hours) necessary by task.
Lump Sum Fee
Used on larger projects of known scope and budget. It is also often used as a comparator between different consultants.
Fixed Percentage of Cost Fee
Used for projects of unknown scope. The fees are directly charged based on the hourly rates and the number of hours required to perform a task.
Time and Materials Fee
Defines the general terms and conditions of a transaction and provides the basis for the drafting of a subsequent agreement.
Letter of Intent (LOI)
A lease of extended duration that is frequently structured to allow the construction of improvements by the lessee on an institution’s land.
Ground Lease
Also known as deeded rights-of-way, involving the long-term or permanent conveyance between parties of certain rights, privileges, and interests in property.
Easement
Reconstruction or renewal of any part of an existing building for the purpose of maintaining it.
Repair
Construction or renovation to an existing structure rather than repair or addition.
Alteration
The process of accurately reconstructing or repairing the forms and details of a building or structure or portion thereof as it appeared at a particular period or periods of time by means of removal of later work and/or the replacement of missing original work.
Restoration
The act or process of applying measures necessary to sustain the existing form, integrity, and materials of a historic property.
Preservation
The act or process of making possible a compatible use for a property through repair, alterations, and additions while preserving those portions or features that convey its historical, cultural, or architectural values.
Rehabilitation
A change of use where an existing building that has served a particular use is altered to accommodate a new use. For instance, a classroom building may be renovated for use as a residence hall.
Adaptive Re-Use
Something more than simple repair or routine maintenance. For example, different types of renovation include major repair, alteration, and restoration.
Renovation
Identifies and documents the condition of existing finishes, structural systems, and other building systems. The survey should include a thorough evaluation of the building’s exterior envelope, including the roof, windows, and wall construction.
Existing Conditions Survey
An assessment or conceptual plan, based on information about existing conditions, to determine whether a building could be renovated to accommodate a proposed program.
Feasibility Study
The guiding document for the renovation of a historic building. This report incorporates the existing conditions information with a description of the building’s history and its character-defining features that are unique and make the building historically significant.
Historic Structure Report
A concept that embraces the design of facilities while balancing appropriate but sometimes competing program, quality, performance, and cost requirements. A creative, function-oriented, organized approach to optimizing the total cost and performance of a facility or service.
Value Management
systematic process relying on the use of concepts and techniques that identify and analyze the function of the project components and systems. A process aimed at reducing construction costs without sacrificing project function, quality, or reliability.
Value Engineering (VE)
Decisions made during the first 10 percent of a project’s effort determine 90 percent of a project’s outcome, particularly as it relates to cost and schedule.
90/10 Rule
Estimating procedure used to determine the cost of a facility system or component renewal based on the average useful life of an individual component. Typically based on visual observations, using a facilities condition assessment/audit, to determine the remaining useful life of a system.
Life Cycle Costing
A green building certification system developed by the U.S. Green Building Council, that provides third-party verification that a building or community was designed and built using strategies aimed at improving performance in energy savings, water efficiency, CO2 emissions reduction, improved indoor environmental quality, and stewardship of resources and sensitivity to their impacts.
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
professional management practice consisting of an array of services applied to construction projects and programs through the planning, design, construction and post construction phases for the purpose of achieving project objectives including the management of quality, cost, time, and scope.
Construction Management
A professional service that can be applied to all delivery systems where the CM acts as the owner’s principal agent in the management of a construction project or program, or where the CM is responsible to the owner for managing the planning, design, construction, and post construction phases, or portions thereof.
Agency Construction Management
Contractually referred to as the owner’s representative, this individual has primary day-to-day project management responsibilities during construction.
Construction Manager (CM)
This individual, usually the construction management department head or facilities director, has administrative responsibilities over the entire construction program.
Construction Contract Administrator
The design consultant responsible for preparing plans and specifications and interpreting these documents during construction.
Architect/Engineer (A/E)
Used to educate and inform bidders about the project requirements and bidding procedures.
Pre-bid Conference
Ensures that a bid is a serious, bona fide bid and provides compensation to an owner in the event that the low bidder fails to honor his or her bid.
Bid Bond
Marks the beginning of the construction period. Because the owner may lack the protection of the contractor’s bond and insurance, the owner should not permit the contractor to work on the project site until the Notice to Proceed is issued.
Notice to Proceed
Contractual mechanism for altering the terms and conditions of a construction contract. Used to document agreement between the owner and contractor on additions, deletions, and modifications to the scope of work.
Change Order
A contract in which a contractor “guarantees” the price of construction to the owner. To do this, a general contractor will include a contingency in his or her contract price. The amount of the contingency is influenced by the status of the construction documents, including quality and completeness.
Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP) Contract
Guarantees that the surety will fulfill the obligations of the contract should the contractor default.
Performance Bonds
Industry standard property insurance covering the project itself from perils such as fire, smoke, collapse, vandalism, water, and freezing.
Builder’s Risk Insurance
The primary liability coverage for the project—encompasses three forms of liability exposures: public liability, contingent liability, and completed operations liability.
Comprehensive General Liability Insurance
Instead of relying on a general contractor or an architecture/engineering firm to maintain insurance policies, some institutions have provided their own wrap-up insurance coverage through owner-contracted insurance policies
Owner-Contracted Insurance Policy
Refers to the time when the project is sufficiently completed and ready for its intended purpose.
Substantial Completion
Refers to the time when the contractor has completed all of the contract requirements, including the completion of all punch list items, the submittal of as-built drawings, warranties, extra stock, operations and maintenance manuals, and other contractual requirements.
Final Completion
Involves the submission of a dispute to a neutral party who hears the case and makes a decision.
Binding Arbitration
The contractor is bound by the contract to complete any uncompleted contract items in order to receive final payment from the owner.
Punch List
The most common type of schedule used for campus projects. Construction activities are plotted on the vertical axis and the allotted project time is plotted on the horizontal axis.
Bar Chart
Shows the cumulative progress of a project, defined in terms of a resource such as work hours or dollars expended, as measured against time.
S-Curve Chart
A form of network scheduling. A highly mathematical system in which task interrelationships are defined, durations assigned, and task schedules analyzed. The system calculates the earliest and latest time an event can take place without affecting the completion of the project.
Critical Path Method
Provides a monetary incentive for timely project completion. The most common clauses assess monetary damages on the contractor for delayed project completion.
Incentive Clause
Specifies the precise amount of daily damages that has been established by contractual agreement. An advantage of this clause is the avoidance of future litigation between the owner and contractor over the valuation of damages.
Liquidated Damages Clause
A written document that details the functional requirements of a project and the expectations of how it will be used and operated. These include project goals, measurable performance criteria, cost considerations, benchmarks, success criteria, and supporting information.
Owner’s Project Requirements (OPR)
A document that records the concepts, calculations, decisions, and product selections used to meet the Owner’s Project Requirements and to satisfy applicable regulatory requirements, standards, and guidelines.
Basis of Design (BOD)
A quality-focused process for enhancing the delivery of a project. The process focuses on verifying and documenting that the facility and all of its systems and assemblies are planned, designed, installed, tested, operated, and maintained to meet the owner’s project requirements.
Building Commissioning
Includes a range of activities that precede schematic design, among which are programming, site selection, research of prototypes, evaluation and documentation of existing facilities, or other activities not directly involved with developing documentation for a specific project.
Pre-Design Phase
Includes outline specifications; a statement of anticipated or probable cost; anticipated area of construction; and schematic floor plan, site plan, and exterior drawings (usually including one or more renderings).
Schematic Design Phase
The project characteristics and scope are defined in detail. Materials are selected, specifications are refined, and probable cost is reviewed. Products of this phase include dimensioned floor plans; wall sections; structural layouts; HVAC system layouts; and plumbing and electrical system layouts.
Design Development Phase
Working drawings and technical specifications are produced. These are the documents on which contractors base their bids.
Construction Documents Phase
An association that creates standards and formats in multiple divisions intended to help owners and designers improve construction documents for bidding.
Construction Specifications Institute (CSI)
Traditional delivery process with design, bidding, and construction in separate, sequential steps. Construction contract is awarded to the lowest bidder, who then utilizes the subcontractors included in his or her bid.
Design-Bid-Build
Design and construction are provided under a single design-build contract initiated at the beginning of the project. The contract is awarded on the basis of price and/or qualifications, in a one- or two-step selection process.
Design-Build
An attempt to minimize the project delivery schedule. Requires construction documents to be issued and contracts awarded on some portions of the project, such as foundations, structure, and exterior shell, prior to the completion of detailed floor plans and fit-out documentation.
Fast Track
Works with the owner and A/E through design and bids and manages subcontracts to complete the work. The CM@R must complete the project within the agreed-upon GMP amount, or else is at risk to cover the additional costs.
Construction Manager at Risk (CM@R)
Multiple direct owner-contractor contracts that are bid for various trades, or groupings of trades, as needed to complete the entire scope of construction.
Multiple Prime Contract
Open-end construction contracts with general contractors and/or subcontractors who are selected through a fee markup bidding process, and who perform multiple small-scale projects through job orders under the open-end contract.
Job Order Contracting
Private sector project construction that is performed by an informally selected general contractor, whose contract is developed through a negotiation process.
Negotiated Contract
An emerging delivery method that attempts to increase project team collaborations and the use of new technologies by integrating various elements of the contracts and work efforts of the A/E and contractors. Attempts to establish a performance-based and results-oriented approach.
Integrated Project Delivery
Serves as agent and primary representative, coordinating the project team and rendering decisions consistent with predetermined project objectives.
Project Manager
Provides the program to be accommodated, establishes objectives, hires the architect and contractor, and provides the financial resources.
Owner
Responsible for all phases of the construction and bears the primary responsibility for all of the ways and means of construction, site safety, the performance of all subcontractors, maintaining the project schedule and budget, and tracking any changes that may require additional funding.
Contractor
A complex process that includes effective control of quality, budget, and schedule. The process encompasses a diverse set of tasks ranging from initial programming, budgeting, and schedule development to project commissioning, final closeout, occupancy, and beyond.
Project Management
This method consists of identifying a target completion date for each activity or phase. For short projects with few participants, this chart type works well.
Milestone Chart
Presents a list of tasks along the left side of the chart with horizontal bars indicating scheduled start and finish dates for each task.
Gantt Chart
An owner’s clear and concise set of architectural and engineering guidelines. Such guidelines should set forth what elements are essential to making a new or newly renovated building match the owner’s requirements.
Design Standards
Ensures that workers, subcontractors, and suppliers will be paid for their work in connection with the project.
Payment Bonds
Involves an independent third party helping to guide the owner and contractor in negotiating their differences.
Mediation
Measure of how often a space is used during a given period. It can be measured by total hours of use or as a percentage of use during a specified time frame.
Space Utilization
Measures the occupancy rate a space has when it is in use. Used when determining instructional or laboratory space needs or when measuring how well current spaces are being occupied.
Space Efficiency
Refers to the total amount of space that makes up a building, including the assignable and non-assignable space.
Gross Square Feet (GSF)
Refers to spaces that are necessary for the general operation of a building. Many spaces are shared and cannot be considered assignable.
Non-Assignable Square Feet (NASF)
Refers to both assignable and non-assignable space. Typically this is the total space dedicated to a specific use or owner.
Net Square Feet (NSF)
Refers to the amount of space that may be used for programs within interior walls of a room. It is commonly referred to as the usable or needed space for programs to operate.
Assignable Square Feet (ASF)
Spaces are coded or classified in numerous categories in order to manage current use or plan for new/adaptable space. Categories are based upon the current activity in a room and not necessarily on the room’s original design layout.
Room Use Codes/Categories
Establishes a series of codes for a variety of higher education uses, including space classifications. Has both numeric and descriptive classifications which is useful for database management and reporting of space usage.
Postsecondary Education Facilities Inventory and Classification Manual (FICM)
Consists of amount or quantity of the existing space; condition or quality of the space; effectiveness or functionality of the space; location of the space and cyberspace.
Space Components
Specifies the aggregate square footage appropriate for each type of institutional space and serves as a guide both in planning for new space and assessing the efficiency of existing space distribution.
Space Planning Guidelines
Computer system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial/infrastructure or geographical data.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Computer system used to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design or space.
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Refers to designed physical improvements or modifications to the campus landscape, excluding utilities and buildings.
Site Development
Existing infrastructure, roads, parking lots, buildings, and other site structures and systems.
Built Environment
Should include a clear statement of the project’s objectives and programmatic requirements, including environmental requirements, functional requirements, and aesthetic requirements.
Request for Design Services
Indicates where buildings, open spaces, circulation systems, utilities, infrastructure, and other elements of the campus environment will be located.
Campus Master Plan
Expresses the campus’s broadest vision, mission and goals of itself and how it will direct its financial and other resources to achieve the vision, mission and goals.
Strategic Plan
Identifies capital projects and equipment purchases, provides a planning schedule and identifies options for financing. The master plan is the foundation for the institution’s capital improvement plan.
Capital Improvement Plan
An element of the master plan that determines what type of buildings and open spaces should go where on the campus.
Land Use/Site Plan
A bond whose interest payments are not subject to federal income tax, and are sometimes also exempt from state or local income tax.
Tax Exempt Bond Financing
Financing that carries a fixed interest rate either for the entire term of the loan or for part of the term.
Fixed Rate Financing
Financing that carries a variable interest rate that is usually tied to a short-term interest rate index.
Variable Rate Financing
Debt that has a maturity of between 1 day and 1 year, with the most common maturity being around 3 months.
Short Term Debt
lease for high-dollar assets and that can have terms of 20 or 30 years.
Financial Lease
Involves the sale of an asset, with a simultaneous agreement to lease the asset back. This type of transaction is most often associated with land and buildings.
Sale/Leaseback
