placemaking - H Flashcards
what is placemaking
is a creative, collaborative process that includes design, development, renewal or regeneration of urban or rural built environments
what do architects reflect through their designs
the history and culture of a place - they also influence how our lives are lived.
what is mixed-use development
a strategy planners use when designing - there are multiple land uses incorporated within an area - residential, commercial, retail and leisure
what are the benefits of mixed-use development
- providing nearby services and employment for residents
- stimulating the local economy
- reducing the need fir extensive road infrastructure by enabling walking and cycling
- promoting a sense of community
what is a 24-hour city
when urban spaces are transformed into different “places” depending on the time of day e.g. offices becoming a place of leisure at night
what does a 24-hour city mean for usually empty places
they are changed to places where people can feel safe as there are more people around
how much money do night time businesses provide in London
£26 billion to the UK economy
how many people do night time businesses employ in London
600,000 workers
what happened when the night tube was opened in 2016
£170 million boost to the local economy
what can 24-hour cities do to peoples perception
it can change their perception of places so they feel safer in their city.
what is rebranding
this is where a place is charged to give it a new identity in the eyes of its residents, potential investors and visitors through marketing (reimaging) and changing the actual built environment (regeneration)
what are the two main methods of rebranding
- regeneration
- reimaging
what is regeneration
the longer-term process of improving the economic, social and environmental aspects of a place. This often involves a change in the built environment
what is reimaging
creating new mental images of a place often through cultural elements e.g. architecture, artistic or sporting events
what are the social aims of rebranding
social: to encourage population growth and diversity, in terms of age, socio-economic group and possibly culture/ethnicity.
what are the economic aims of rebranding
economic: to replace a “lost” economic sector with a new one, creating employment and a positive multiplier
what are the environmental aims of rebranding
environmental: to improve the built environment, to the point that an area is able to project a new, attractive image as a place to be rather than a place to avoid
who does placemaking often involve
a wide range of players working collaboratively
what do players provide for placemaking
some provide capital (money), others may contribute marketing skills or other areas of professional expertise
typically what type of placemaking will a large scale scheme be
a public-private partnership - input of capital and expertise from both profit seeking businesses and public sector players
what is used in implementing a placemaking scheme
strategies - a scheme could use a combination of strategies
what is a market-led strategy
when private investors take the lead e.g. property developers, business owners developing or rebranding retail or leisure facilities. Gentrification is typical of this strategy.
what is a top-down strategy
large scale organisation, often in the public sector (local authority planning departments), development agencies and private investors such as insurance and pensions companies
what is a flagship strategy
large scale one-off projects using distinctive architecture. The intention is that this focused rebranding acts as a catalyst for further investment
what is a legacy strategy
investment follows after a major sporting event such as the 2016 Olympics, Rio de Janeiro and 204 Commonwealth games, Glasgow
what is an event or theme strategy
being declared the European capital of culture acts as a catalyst for further regeneration such as Liverpool in 2008
what is within a placemaking scheme
elements
what is an element
the individual aspects within the placemaking scheme
what are the 6 elements of placemaking
- sport & entertainment
- art & science
- heritage
- retail
- architecture
- food & drink
why is rebranding not always welcomed
it often changes the character of a place
what is gentrification
brings about a socio-economic change as wealthier people move into a neighbourhood
what happens when wealthier people move into a neighbourhood
their higher disposable incomes lead to changes in the types of local services available e.g. corner shops are displaced by wine bars
what happens when one group is favoured over another
some players benefit more than others from rebranding
what is an example of when one group is favoured over another (Liverpool)
when Liverpool One (a large shopping centre in inner Liverpool) was developed many local residents felt it would be of little benefit to them - the rebranding felt more suitable for entrepreneurs and those living in suburbs or outside Liverpool
what happens when there is a difference in priorities
when development agencies may have different priorities to local residents
what is an example of different priorities (Liverpool)
Liverpool Vision (the urban regeneration in the inner city) employed cheaper foreign labour rather than locals. It wanted to attract organisations from outside the area, however residents and business owners felt they were being ignored in the process.
what is gentrification
a process by which higher-income groups more into and refurbish former low-income inner city housing districts
what can gentrification cause
- existing shops and services to close down as new residents travel outside of the area to larger supermarkets and shopping centres.
- as they close, new boutiques and high-cost shops and services open for new residents
- low-income people forced out as landlords demand higher rents
- reduction in crime rates and improvements to the local environment
which area in Cambridge is seen as undergoing gentrification
Ramsey
what are the new signs of wealth in Ramsey
- a range of high-cost services e.g. boutiques coffee shops and brunch restaurants, many with European style outdoor seating.
- new build housing developments on small plots of land.
- visible evidence of attic conversions to increase bedroom space
what was Ramsey originally for
an area for low-income railway workers in late 19th to early 20th century, today there are more signs of wealth
what happened when a Tesco opened on Mill Road (2009)
many residents opposed it - an entire campaign group was created “No Mill Road Tesco Campaign” - many residents boycotted the store - some workers reported the store was losing £10,000 per week due to a lack of customers, on the 28th of May 2022 it closed
what is Mill Road for people
a group of residents with goals to reduce effects of gentrification
What are Mill Road for people’s 5 goals
1 introduce rent controls in the private sector
2 ensure all developments with opportunity areas (OA’s) deliver 50% to social housing
3 build more social housing units and expand community land trusts
4 secure a “right to return” for all residents living in estates undergoing regeneration
5 establish a Social Impacts Assessment in Development and strategic plans.
