placemaking - H

Question 1

what is placemaking

Answer 1

is a creative, collaborative process that includes design, development, renewal or regeneration of urban or rural built environments

Question 2

what do architects reflect through their designs

Answer 2

the history and culture of a place - they also influence how our lives are lived.

Question 3

what is mixed-use development

Answer 3

a strategy planners use when designing - there are multiple land uses incorporated within an area - residential, commercial, retail and leisure

Question 4

what are the benefits of mixed-use development

Answer 4

• providing nearby services and employment for residents
• stimulating the local economy
• reducing the need fir extensive road infrastructure by enabling walking and cycling
• promoting a sense of community

Question 5

what is a 24-hour city

Answer 5

when urban spaces are transformed into different “places” depending on the time of day e.g. offices becoming a place of leisure at night

Question 5

what does a 24-hour city mean for usually empty places

Answer 5

they are changed to places where people can feel safe as there are more people around

Question 6

how much money do night time businesses provide in London

Answer 6

£26 billion to the UK economy

Question 7

how many people do night time businesses employ in London

Answer 7

600,000 workers

Question 8

what happened when the night tube was opened in 2016

Answer 8

£170 million boost to the local economy

Question 9

what can 24-hour cities do to peoples perception

Answer 9

it can change their perception of places so they feel safer in their city.

Question 10

what is rebranding

Answer 10

this is where a place is charged to give it a new identity in the eyes of its residents, potential investors and visitors through marketing (reimaging) and changing the actual built environment (regeneration)

Question 11

what are the two main methods of rebranding

Answer 11

• regeneration
• reimaging

Question 12

what is regeneration

Answer 12

the longer-term process of improving the economic, social and environmental aspects of a place. This often involves a change in the built environment

Question 13

what is reimaging

Answer 13

creating new mental images of a place often through cultural elements e.g. architecture, artistic or sporting events

Question 14

what are the social aims of rebranding

Answer 14

social: to encourage population growth and diversity, in terms of age, socio-economic group and possibly culture/ethnicity.

Question 15

what are the economic aims of rebranding

Answer 15

economic: to replace a “lost” economic sector with a new one, creating employment and a positive multiplier

Question 16

what are the environmental aims of rebranding

Answer 16

environmental: to improve the built environment, to the point that an area is able to project a new, attractive image as a place to be rather than a place to avoid

Question 17

who does placemaking often involve

Answer 17

a wide range of players working collaboratively

Question 18

what do players provide for placemaking

Answer 18

some provide capital (money), others may contribute marketing skills or other areas of professional expertise

Question 19

typically what type of placemaking will a large scale scheme be

Answer 19

a public-private partnership - input of capital and expertise from both profit seeking businesses and public sector players

Question 20

what is used in implementing a placemaking scheme

Answer 20

strategies - a scheme could use a combination of strategies

Question 21

what is a market-led strategy

Answer 21

when private investors take the lead e.g. property developers, business owners developing or rebranding retail or leisure facilities. Gentrification is typical of this strategy.

Question 22

what is a top-down strategy

Answer 22

large scale organisation, often in the public sector (local authority planning departments), development agencies and private investors such as insurance and pensions companies

Question 23

what is a flagship strategy

Answer 23

large scale one-off projects using distinctive architecture. The intention is that this focused rebranding acts as a catalyst for further investment

Question 24

what is a legacy strategy

Answer 24

investment follows after a major sporting event such as the 2016 Olympics, Rio de Janeiro and 204 Commonwealth games, Glasgow

Question 25

what is an event or theme strategy

Answer 25

being declared the European capital of culture acts as a catalyst for further regeneration such as Liverpool in 2008

Question 26

what is within a placemaking scheme

Answer 26

elements

Question 27

what is an element

Answer 27

the individual aspects within the placemaking scheme

Question 28

what are the 6 elements of placemaking

Answer 28

• sport & entertainment
• art & science
• heritage
• retail
• architecture
• food & drink

Question 29

why is rebranding not always welcomed

Answer 29

it often changes the character of a place

Question 30

what is gentrification

Answer 30

brings about a socio-economic change as wealthier people move into a neighbourhood

Question 31

what happens when wealthier people move into a neighbourhood

Answer 31

their higher disposable incomes lead to changes in the types of local services available e.g. corner shops are displaced by wine bars

Question 32

what happens when one group is favoured over another

Answer 32

some players benefit more than others from rebranding

Question 33

what is an example of when one group is favoured over another (Liverpool)

Answer 33

when Liverpool One (a large shopping centre in inner Liverpool) was developed many local residents felt it would be of little benefit to them - the rebranding felt more suitable for entrepreneurs and those living in suburbs or outside Liverpool

Question 34

what happens when there is a difference in priorities

Answer 34

when development agencies may have different priorities to local residents

Question 35

what is an example of different priorities (Liverpool)

Answer 35

Liverpool Vision (the urban regeneration in the inner city) employed cheaper foreign labour rather than locals. It wanted to attract organisations from outside the area, however residents and business owners felt they were being ignored in the process.

Question 36

what is gentrification

Answer 36

a process by which higher-income groups more into and refurbish former low-income inner city housing districts

Question 37

what can gentrification cause

Answer 37

• existing shops and services to close down as new residents travel outside of the area to larger supermarkets and shopping centres.
• as they close, new boutiques and high-cost shops and services open for new residents
• low-income people forced out as landlords demand higher rents
• reduction in crime rates and improvements to the local environment

Question 38

which area in Cambridge is seen as undergoing gentrification

Answer 38

Ramsey

Question 39

what are the new signs of wealth in Ramsey

Answer 39

• a range of high-cost services e.g. boutiques coffee shops and brunch restaurants, many with European style outdoor seating.
• new build housing developments on small plots of land.
• visible evidence of attic conversions to increase bedroom space

Question 39

what was Ramsey originally for

Answer 39

an area for low-income railway workers in late 19th to early 20th century, today there are more signs of wealth

Question 40

what happened when a Tesco opened on Mill Road (2009)

Answer 40

many residents opposed it - an entire campaign group was created “No Mill Road Tesco Campaign” - many residents boycotted the store - some workers reported the store was losing £10,000 per week due to a lack of customers, on the 28th of May 2022 it closed

Question 41

what is Mill Road for people

Answer 41

a group of residents with goals to reduce effects of gentrification

Question 42

What are Mill Road for people’s 5 goals

Answer 42

1 introduce rent controls in the private sector
2 ensure all developments with opportunity areas (OA’s) deliver 50% to social housing
3 build more social housing units and expand community land trusts
4 secure a “right to return” for all residents living in estates undergoing regeneration
5 establish a Social Impacts Assessment in Development and strategic plans.