CS - Birmingham - H

Question 1

what is the population of Birmingham

Answer 1

1.2 million people

Question 2

how populous is Birmingham

Answer 2

the 2nd most populous city after London

Question 3

where is Birmingham located

Answer 3

in the West Midlands region of the UK

Question 4

When did Birmingham grow in size and importance

Answer 4

during the industrial revolution of the4 18th - 19th centuries

Question 5

how many manufactured exports are from Birmingham today

Answer 5

around 25% of all manufactured exports originate from Birmingham

Question 6

when was Birmingham first developed

Answer 6

when the de Bermingham family purchased a royal charter in 1166

Question 7

what is the black country

Answer 7

areas of the country where industries caused there to be black smoke and smog

Question 8

where was Birmingham located near

Answer 8

Wolverhampton and Dudley (part of the black smoke) who provided raw materials for industries to grow

Question 9

which two big companies originated in Birmingham

Answer 9

Cadbury’s and Lloyds bank

Question 10

what infrastructure supported trade in Birmingham

Answer 10

road and canal networks and eventually railways.

Question 11

what happened to Birmingham in WW2

Answer 11

it was an industrial powerhouse so it was targeted by bombers - around 5,000 bombs were dropped in Birmingham

Question 12

what was employment like before economic change

Answer 12

still had high employment and manufacturing employment

Question 13

what did the 1951 census say about Birmingham

Answer 13

population of 1.1 million with 95% born in the UK - although ethnicity data wasn’t collected a study suggests that 1% of the population were non white - employment was dominated by males with skilled jobs

Question 14

what was the major industry in Birmingham

Answer 14

car manufacturing

Question 15

what percentage of UK automotive exports did Birmingham provide

Answer 15

40% of automotive exports

Question 16

which factories in Birmingham had to do with car manufacturing

Answer 16

Austin factory (made famous Mini) - employed 22,000
Dunlop tyre factory - employed 10,000

Question 17

what was the culture like in Birmingham before economic change

Answer 17

majority were Christian but the catholic population was growing due to Irish immigration post WW2

Question 18

what was the music like in Birmingham before economic change

Answer 18

1950s rock and roll, jazz and rhythm and blues were all popular music types - following America

Question 19

what was the housing like before economic change in Birmingham

Answer 19

high density terraced housing for people moving to the city to work in factories - 110,000 homes were sub-standard

Question 20

what happened after the bombing of Birmingham to homes

Answer 20

5,000 homes were lost leading to overcrowding for 1/3rd of the population.

Question 21

how polluted was water in Birmingham

Answer 21

there were high levels of industrial waste in canals and waterways to the point that maps were made showing toxic locations

Question 22

what was a leading factor in the pollution of water (Birmingham)

Answer 22

white phosphorous from a factory making Matches

Question 23

what was the air in Birmingham like

Answer 23

highly polluted with often blankets of smoke or smog engulfing the city.

Question 24

which network caused Urban sprawl in Birmingham

Answer 24

the bus network - as people could live further from Birmingham and still get to work causing Urban Sprawl.

Question 25

what happened between 1960s and 1990s in the UK

Answer 25

deindustrialisation

Question 26

what happened in 1973 in the Middle East

Answer 26

there were fragile geopolitics resulting in an Arab-Israel war - the USA supported Israel and so the UK followed their lead

Question 27

what happened when the UK supported Israel in the war

Answer 27

the OPEC decided to have an embargo (ban) on oil supply to the UK

Question 28

what is OPEC

Answer 28

the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries - which were mostly Arab states

Question 29

what did the ban on oil cause in the UK

Answer 29

the 1973 oil crisis - prices increased by 10 times - manufacturing relied on cheap energy pries so jobs had to be cut as companies couldn't keep up with costs.

Question 30

what started to increase for UK car manufacturers

Answer 30

competition increased - as foreign car manufactures got better

Question 31

why were foreign cars more popular than UK manufactured cars

Answer 31

they were seen as cheaper, more reliable and more efficient e.g. Volkswagen, Toyota, Nissan etc.

Question 32

what happened when British Leyland made people redundant in Birmingham due to high costs and low sales

Answer 32

trade unions such as the AEU( amalgamated engineering union) encouraged strikes

Question 33

what unexpected effect did worker strikes have in Birmingham

Answer 33

it reduced investors confidence leading to further decline in the car manufacturing industry

Question 34

what did the government do to support low employment areas

Answer 34

foreign TNC's were supported if located in low employment areas: - Nissan, Sunderland (1986) - shipbuilding declined after WW2 - Honda, Swindon (1985) - railway declined in early 1900 however no TNC's were attracted to Birmingham

Question 35

what did the Birmingham city council do in 1970s

Answer 35

decided to clear slum housing as part of "Comprehensive Redevelopment Programme"

Question 36

what did clearing slums cause in Birmingham

Answer 36

means SMEs(small & medium enterprises) were lost which were vital to employment base - were offered new buildings but many couldn't afford the higher rent so had to close

Question 37

what happened after economic change in Birmingham

Answer 37

deindustrialisation occurred causing a decline in population - over 100,000 people left in 50 years

Question 38

what happened when the manufacturing sector declined

Answer 38

the service sector increased which fuelled immigration from abroad into Birmingham due to increased opportunities in low skilled jobs.

Question 39

what happened to the population of white people in Birmingham

Answer 39

in 1981 it was 84.8% but in 2001 it had dropped to 65.6%

Question 40

where did immigrants tend to move to in Birmingham

Answer 40

the inner city (due to cheaper housing) creating spatial variation in demographics of the city that still exist

Question 41

what is the white flight (Birmingham)

Answer 41

when white families move out of run down or undesirable areas

Question 42

what happened to the age structure of Birmingham due to immigration

Answer 42

immigrants tended to be very young so the age structure is very youthful - 38% under 24 years (UK average of 31%)

Question 43

what was the employment rate in the 1980s in Birmingham

Answer 43

unemployment rate was over 20% (UK average - 12%)

Question 44

how many jobs were lost in Birmingham between 1961 & 1971

Answer 44

an estimated 50,000 jobs in just 10 years

Question 45

what happened when the manufacturing industry declined in Birmingham

Answer 45

some new sectors and businesses had a chance to grow like services industry which from 1981-2005 grew by 46%

Question 46

what happened to culture due to immigration to Birmingham

Answer 46

since 2001 - Christianity fell from 59% to 34% - Muslims rose from 4% to 30% - the percentage of no religion also increased.

Question 47

what two buildings in Birmingham were built for religions

Answer 47

Smethwick Sikh Temple( built 1961) Birmingham Central Mosque(1969) - 2nd purpose built mosque in UK

Question 48

what is the Balti triangle in Birmingham

Answer 48

an areas in Birmingham famous for its Indian and other ethnic restaurants - Balti curry was invented here

Question 49

what caused social conflict in Birmingham

Answer 49

the loss of jobs (especially for white British) and the rise of immigration

Question 50

what two events happened in 1981 - Birmingham

Answer 50

- Far-Right rally in protest of immigration - Handsworth riots - where mostly black men protested against the police stop and search powers.

Question 51

what happened to abandoned industrial buildings in Birmingham

Answer 51

Argyle Works in Digbeth - was vandalised Lucas Battery works in Sparkhill - had soil contamination from asbestos till 2013

Question 52

what happened when people got higher incomes in Birmingham

Answer 52

they wanted higher quality housing - Birmingham city council built 400 tower blocks - total of 81,000 houses from 1945 to 1970 built on the urban rural fringe

Question 53

what happened when families started to move out of Birmingham to the countryside

Answer 53

worries the city would expand to the countryside meant a Greenbelt was formed

Question 54

what happened to land value of houses near the greenbelt

Answer 54

the value increased for houses near the green space but close enough to commute to Birmingham e.g. Solihull - one of the most expensive areas in Birmingham