Changing places, making places - H Flashcards
What are the 3 main reasons Birmingham needed a rebrand
- population decline
- A feeling of placelessness
- Remnants of industrial past creates a negative image
When was the population decline in Birmingham
between 1951 and 2001 by more than 100,000 people
What happened to Birmingham because of the population decline
- Homes were left abandoned leading to vandalism, crime and deprivation
- Reduced council tax income
What were the remnants of an industrial past in Birmingham
- there was contaminated land
- abandoned factories and warehouses
- failing infrastructure
Why was there a feeling of placelessness in Birmingham
much of 1960-70s construction was in a brutalist style - which felt harsh and outdated
What were the 4 city councils aims for Birmingham’s rebrand
- a hub for business tourism
- a hub for financial services
- a regional centre for trade
- a retail & tourism hub
What 3 strategies were used in the Birmingham rebranding
- top down
- flagship
- market led
Which organisations were involved in the top down strategy
large scale public sector organisations City council, UK government, EU
What was built as part of the flagship scheme
International convention centre (ICC), National exhibition Centre (NEC), bullring centre, National indoor arena
Which two organisations were involved in the market led strategies
John Lewis - (£35m store in city centre)
Selfridges - (invested £20m to city centre)
Which two attractions were built in Birmingham to attract tourists
- National Exhibition Centre (NEC)
- National Indoor Arena - cost £50 million now called Utilitarian Arena
When was the Bullring Shopping centre redeveloped
in 2003
How much did the Bullring Shopping Centre redevelopment in Birmingham cost
£530 mill
Who funded the Bullring Shopping Centre
local council, John Lewis (£35m) and Selfridges (£20m)
When was Centenary Square first built
in the 1920s as an open public space
In 1989 how much was spent on reconstruction of Centenary square
£3.5 m spent on reconstruction and refurbishment, improving pedestrian routes and pving
In 2014 how much was spent on the redevelopment of Centenary square
£5m to include more r greenery and water fountains
When was the Library of Birmingham built
2013 (£189m) to replace the Birmingham central library
Where is the Library of Birmingham located
Located by Centenary square
What did Birmingham do to become a hub of education
they built another university - Birmingham City University in 1992
What does Birmingham City University specialise in
nursing, engineering, art and design
Where are most of the Birminghams university students from
the local area (usually ethnic minorities)
How many and what universities are built in Birmingham
3:
1 - University of Birmingham
2 - Aston University
3 - Birmingham City University
What happened to the canals around Brinkley Place in Birmingham
They were cleaned and refurbished - providing a hub for tourism
Who helped identify polluted canals in Birmingham
the Birmingham city council and the canal & river trust
What are some main motorway connections to Birmingham
M1 & M40 to London, M5 to SW, M6 to NW, M42 to NE
How expensive was Birmingham’s railway station redevelopment
£700m - to make a modern, open public space
What did they include in the New Street Station redevelopment
the Grand Central Shopping Centre - created >1000 jobs
What is Eurohub
the first airport terminal in the world to combine domestic and international passengers
How much was invested in Eurohub
£60m (1991) - in Birmingham
How much was invested in a new terminal in 2000
£40m - provided space to handle more passengers
How much would HS2 cost
> £100bn
What type of project is HS2
a national flagship project
How much will time be reduced from London to Birmingham by HS2
1.5 hours to 45 minutes
Where will the HS2 station be in Birmingham
Curzon Street - may trigger regeneration of Eastside and Digbeth areas.
What would the regeneration of Eastside and Digbeth provide
36,000 jobs and £1.4bn extra income every year
What was the role of Birmingham city council in the Birmingham rebrand
Took the lead on planning and investment - funded flagship projects (ICC,NEC, etc) supported and approved private investment schemes
What was the role of the EU in the Birmingham rebrand
provided financial support - social investment fund (£235 over 6 yrs)
The Promise plus project(£33.6m), Business growth Programme (16.3m) ,Birmingham University Hospital (3.5m) etc
What was the role of the UK government in the Birmingham rebrand
the single regeneration fund created 8,000 jobs, prevented 28,000 jobs being lost with investment
Invested £35m between 1994-2002 , £54m in Aston.
What was the role of Birmingham Heartlands Development Corporation in the Birmingham rebrand
Converted Nechells Power Station into Star City. Demolished Bordesley Village and built semi detached affordable housing
What were private corporations role in the Birmingham rebrand
John Lewis and Selfridges overall invested £55m and attract retail tourists
What were universities role in the Birmingham rebrand
have attracted students to the city - 50,000 across all 3 uni’s who spend on services - employ 15,000 locals
How has the Birmingham rebrand changed place perception
- not viewed as brutalist anymore - modern, leisure area
- not viewed as industrial - young, diverse and vibrant
What event was hosted in Birmingham
the 2022 Commonwealth games
How much does Birmingham receive from visitors
receives >£72bn from 42million visitors each year
What does the National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham do to attract people
hosts >140 events each year attracting >2m people
What is important about the Library of Birmingham
it attracts >2m visitors each year - 10th most popular attraction in the UK
What happened to unemployment rates in Birmingham
1980 - 20%
2018 - 6.7%
What happened to Birminghams decreasing population
It increased from 2001 to over 1.1 million in 2021
What effect happened due to investment in Birmingham
the positive multiplier effect
What happened to diverse communities in Birmingham during the 2022 commonwealth games
They were largely ignored by the organisers of the games and had little involvement in the games
What is a negative of attracting younger people to Birmingham
many opt to stay in the city and will look for housing, however this may be occupied buy others leading to a housing shortage
How many new homes will Birmingham need in the next 20 years
> 125,000 new homes - more than any other city in England
Who contested the Bullring Centre
local store owners
What is the traffic like in Birmingham due to tourism and population growth
it is the 2nd worst city in the UK for traffic congestion
