Placebo Effect 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Benedetti et al (2003) - Conscious Pain, conditioning cues reducing pain

A

Control - 12 minutes of pain

Verbal placebo increases and decreases pain respectively

Conditioning before:
On test, pain sensitivity was i the direction of suggestion, even when prior conditioning was in the opposite direction

INSTRUCTIONS OVERPOWER CONDITIONING IN THIS CASE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Benedetti et al (2003) p Hormones (non-conscious)

A

Less idea of growths for consciousness as unaware what base level of hormones are.

Conditioned increase as expected

However conditioned placebo effect in this case overpowers instruction placebo

On test, hormone levels only changed in those given conditioning, there was no effect of suggestion

In non-conscious it is all about conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Length of placebo effect according to expectancy theory

A

Response expectancies are self‐reinforcing- No extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

According to expectancy theory why is there no extinction of placebo effect?

A

Placebo effects should not extinguish because the occurrence of a placebo effect reinforces the expectancy which it is based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Length of placebo effect according to conditioning

A

Placebo effects will extinguish because presentation of the CS alone will weaken the CS-US association on which the placebo is based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Colloca et al (2005): length of placebo using placebo electrode

A

Get a shock and tell you it reduces pain (placebo)

When screen goes red, electrode inactive, green active

Tested pain intensity during red and green light (actual same intensity) - immediate and 1 week later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Results of Colloca et al (2005)

A

Rate pain less with green due to placebo

Also no within session extinction

1 week later placebo effect is reduced, some extinction, but not much within session

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Au yeung et al (2014): length of placebo with electrode placebo

A

Placebo effect diminishes overtime - more consistent with conditioning account

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Placebo vs nocebo on extinction

A

Looking at nocebo effect with identical design you don’t see any extinguishing of effect

May be due to anxiety and fear that interferes with extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Almost all research of PE involves what reinforcement?

A

continuous reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why may partial reinforcement be more ecologically valid? (2)

A
  1. Outside the lab you may have variability in your experiences, not like real treatments are always the same - more like real life
  2. Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect may
    meant that placebo effects established under partial reinforcement are more durable - longer lasting as it is slower to extinguish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Au Yeung et al (2005): PE during partial reinforcement

A

Produces weaker but maintains over test phases and ends up the same

Partial reinforcement extinction effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ader et al (2010)

A

Tested whether partial reinforcement could be used to boost the effect of a corticosteroid for psoriasisvia the placebo effect

Take steroid everyday in phases one and two or phase one everyday then partial during phase 2 (1 every for days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Results of Ader et al (2010)

A

The improvement in psoriasis in the PRF group was equivalent to that of CRF group…even though the PRF group received 25% of the active treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Colaguiri: Nocebo with partial reinforcement

A

Both partial and continuous maintained

Partial reinforcement is lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Other way of getting PE other than direct experience?

A

Observational learning

17
Q

Colloca and Benedetti (2009): Observational learning of PE

A

Red and green light pain but watching someone else do it.

Found evidence of placebo analgesia even though no
direct experience of the surreptitious reduction…
This study suggests that placebo effects can be
established via social learning

That is, simply observing a treatment being effective in
others may be sufficient to produce a placebo effect
when you come to take the treatment