Conditioning and Cognition P2

Question 1

Squire’s types of memory

Answer 1

Declarative and nondeclarative

Question 2

Declarative memory

Answer 2

conscious retrieval of facts and events, manifests in episodic and semantic knowledge

Question 3

Nondeclarative memory

Answer 3

procedural memory

Question 4

Why talk about memory in learning?

Answer 4

theorist aren’t sure about the best way to define memory and learning and where the distinctions are

Question 5

Propositional vs non-propositional leanring focuses on…

Lovibond and Shanks

Answer 5

Focuses on the symbolic nature of learning

Question 6

Propositional learning

Answer 6

Assumes conceptual processing and symbolic representation.

Involves higher cognitive functions.

Question 7

Non-propositional learning

Answer 7

Don’t need any symbolic connection; learning that does not involve “symbolic” representation.

Question 8

Example of propositional learning

Answer 8

“The tone is usually followed by a food pellet”

Have to be able to classify events

Question 9

Example of non-propositional learning

Answer 9

CS-US and CS-CR links generate behaviour via more direct mechanisms

Shouldn’t require conscious expectancy or conscious control of action

Question 10

What could non-propositional learning be interrupted by? And example

Answer 10

top down control, cognitive system is also involved.

But goes against assumption.

Question 11

Instance based learning vs rule based learning

Answer 11

Learning instances of stimuli and events, physical features and associative nature - very lawful, extent depends on similarity

vs

Abstraction of a rule, active hypothesis testing, generalises according to the applicability of the rule

Question 12

Shanks argued learning does not occur without

Answer 12

awareness, but still believes there are important distinctions in types of learning like rule distinction

Question 13

How to induce rule vs instance based learning

Answer 13

Positive and negative patterning

A - US
B - US
AB - no US

Relatively easy to work out via rule

Difficult by association

Question 14

Shanks and Darby: Causal learning task

Answer 14

Used negative patterning.

If you learn rule you can apply it to different training conditions of negative patterning

Question 15

Results of shanks and darby causal learning task

Answer 15

Feature based learning leads to slower association than rule based learning

People who learn quickly and efficiently are rule based learning

Double dissociation

Question 16

Results of Wills et al follow up study from shanks and darby

Answer 16

Whether rule abstraction is more cognitive dependent

They trained people well, either had a high working memory load or not.

When you have a high load you lose all rule transfer and becomes feature learning (unsophisticated)

Harder to pick up a concept when you are distracted

Question 17

Model-based vs model free choice

Answer 17

Model-free behaviour - habitual learning, reinforced by the presence of a reward, in line with Thorndike’s law of effect

Model-based behaviour is goal-directed, mental simulation of relations between events,

Question 18

How to distinguish model based vs model free behaviour

Answer 18

Daw et al (2011) Two-step sequential choice task

Question 19

What is the two-step sequential choice task?

Daw et al (2011)

Answer 19

on every trial you may receive money, you have to make 2 choices at every trial to see if you make money.

The first choice is abstract stimuli, most of the time you go to green or blue screen depending on choice. (70-30% colour leads from picture)

At colour 2 choices of pictures with different probabilities of reward.

Question 20

How does the two step sequential choice task distinguish between choice types

Answer 20

Participants should have understood what picture leads to colour and then reward.

If the opposite to what we think leads to the actual reward what does this do to how we think?

Model free prediction we choose depending on rewards

Model based decision there is an interaction. For a common result it follows normal process, for unusual transition we apply model to get back to where we think reward is.

(this assumes they are aware of the 70-30 ratio)

Question 21

Connectionism

NOT IN THE EXAM

Answer 21

You have processing units devoted to sensory inputs that form links with internal brain regions that aren’t linked to stimuli and outputs to respond, links strengthened and weakened by similar algorithms in simpler learning models.

Simple operations on a sufficiently large scale can lead to intelligence