Pink Piglets Flashcards
1. No multiple answer 2. No fill in 3. No short answer 4. Do not need to know the statistics
What do you ask a patient with MRSA?
“Have you been around other people with skin conditions?”
How do you prevent MRSA?
Disposable PPE (gloves), hand hygiene
How do you get MRSA?
Noncompliance to full regimen therapy
How do you get C. difficile?
Overuse of antibiotics
How do you prevent C. difficult?
Isolation (great way in preventing C. diff, MRSA, & TB)
What is salmonella mostly found in?
Meats
Why would you perform a hx before diagnosing the patient with salmonella?
A lot of dx have similar symptoms. Ask food poisoning questions
What are the two types of meningitis?
Bacterial & Viral
What is the most severe type of meningitis?
Bacterial
Is bacterial meningitis fatal?
Yes
What is the hallmark of meningitis?
Stiff neck
How do you prevent IICP?
Avoid anything that increases pressure (vomiting, bearing down)
The most severe type of cerebral edema is?
Vasogenic Edema
Diagnostic test for TB?
PPD - 15+ positive in any person, including those w/o risk factors; 10+ positive in recent immigrants, injection users, those in high risk settings, children under five; 5+ positive in HIV patients, recent contact with a person with TB, patients with organ transplants
How do you test for latent TB?
- NEGATIVE SPUTUM SPUTUM 2. Skin and blood test indicate infection 3. Normal chest x-ray 4. TB bacteria alive but NOT ACTIVE 5. Does not feel sick 6. Not infectious
If a patient is tested positive for TB, what should they also be tested for?
HIV
S/S of latent TB?
- No S/S of disease 2. Does not feel sick at all 3. Cannot spread TB to others 4. Risk of developing disease in the future especially if immunocompromised
S/S of active TB?
Cough, weight loss, fatigue, fever, chills, loss of appetite, chest pain, bloody cough, highly contagious
How do you test for Active TB?
- POSITIVE SPUTUM 2. May spread bacteria to others 3. Needs treatment 4. Feels sick (cough, fever, weight loss, hemoptysis) 5. Cavitation on chest x-ray
A person positive with TB should also be tested for?
HIV
Gold standard for diagnosing TB?
3 sputum samples
What cells do HIV infect?
Helper T (CD4 cells)
What happens when CD4 cells are impaired?
- Impaired immunity 2. Open door to opportunistic infections 3. Progressive death immune cells 4. Leaving body defenseless
S/S of pneumonia are results of?
- Fluid in lungs 2. Fighting infection 3. Energy spent coughing
What are the S/S of pneumonia?
Cough, fatigue, N/V, hemoptysis (bloody sputum), chest pain, fever, cyanosis, decreased breath sounds
Pneumonia is caused when?
Defense mechanism becomes incompetent (immunosuppression)
Pneumonia causes decreased cough and epiglottal reflexes, putting patient at risk for?
Aspiration
Pneumonia stimulating infection initiates which response?
Inflammatory response, which results in alveolar edema & exudate formation
First player (or initiating factor) in development of an AMI?
Atherosclerotic plaque - plaque hardens & narrows arteries, heart’s blood supply diminishes
How do you diagnose hypertension?
Normal - 120/80; Pre - 121/81-139/89; Stage I - 140/90/-159/90; Stage II 160/100+
What does the ECG look like with a STEMI?
Elevated baseline (seen in someone suffering a heart attack)
Drugs for MI?
MONA - Morphine, O2, Nitroglycerine, Aspirin
How does the clotting cascade affect progression of AMI?
- Sudden rupture of atherosclerotic plaque (plaque is very unstable) 2. Clotting cascade triggered 3. Partially-Completely blocked artery 4. Heart deprived of oxygenated blood
What happens when the cardiac cells are deprived of O2?
- 8-10 seconds of O2 deprivation - O2 reserves depleted 2. Heart loses & becomes cyanotic 3. Cell injury to heart 4. Anaerobic metabolism begins 5. ATP depletion 6. Lactic acid & H+ accumulates in cells 7. Heart vulnerable to enzymes due to acidic environment 8. Overwhelmed conduction & contraction impulses
3 most contributing risk factors of MI?
- Hypertension 2. Hypercholesterolemia 3. Smoking; (Also - heart disease, CAD, previous MI)
What causes Graves Disease?
Hyperthyroidism
What is the connection between the liver and the kidneys, causing the kidneys to fail?
- Liver < ability to synthesize proteins (albumin) 2. Decreased protein in blood - decreased oncotic pressure 3. Fluid leaks from capillaries into tissues (results in hypotension) 4. Hypotension causes < kidney perfusion (remember, the kidneys require a certain blood pressure to be perfused adequately) 5. Kidneys trigger RAAS system and release ADH 6. Since the compensatory mechanisms are insufficient in counteracting vasodilation (hypoalbuminemia), this causes < GFR & ultimately acute renal failure
Pathophysiology of hepatorenal syndrome?
End-stage liver disease -> Splanchnic arterial vasodilation/Impaired cardiac output -> Activation of systemic vasoconstrictor systems -> Impaired renal perfusion -> Hepatorenal syndrome
How do you resolve ascites?
Transfuse albumin into paracentesis; Albumin is pulled back into the space and then perform paracentesis
How does RAAS influence hypertension?
AI & AII increase systemic vascular resistance & C.O. = > BP
S/S of hypertension?
Headache
Primary VS Secondary
Primary - essential, 90%, no identifiable cause; Secondary - 10%, identifiable underlying cause
Primary hypertension is due to?
Complex interaction between factors that regulate CO & SVR
