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Pathophysiology - FINAL > Pink Piglets > Flashcards

Pink Piglets Flashcards

1. No multiple answer 2. No fill in 3. No short answer 4. Do not need to know the statistics

1
Q

What do you ask a patient with MRSA?

A

“Have you been around other people with skin conditions?”

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2
Q

How do you prevent MRSA?

A

Disposable PPE (gloves), hand hygiene

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3
Q

How do you get MRSA?

A

Noncompliance to full regimen therapy

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4
Q

How do you get C. difficile?

A

Overuse of antibiotics

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5
Q

How do you prevent C. difficult?

A

Isolation (great way in preventing C. diff, MRSA, & TB)

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6
Q

What is salmonella mostly found in?

A

Meats

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7
Q

Why would you perform a hx before diagnosing the patient with salmonella?

A

A lot of dx have similar symptoms. Ask food poisoning questions

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8
Q

What are the two types of meningitis?

A

Bacterial & Viral

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9
Q

What is the most severe type of meningitis?

A

Bacterial

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10
Q

Is bacterial meningitis fatal?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What is the hallmark of meningitis?

A

Stiff neck

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12
Q

How do you prevent IICP?

A

Avoid anything that increases pressure (vomiting, bearing down)

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13
Q

The most severe type of cerebral edema is?

A

Vasogenic Edema

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14
Q

Diagnostic test for TB?

A

PPD - 15+ positive in any person, including those w/o risk factors; 10+ positive in recent immigrants, injection users, those in high risk settings, children under five; 5+ positive in HIV patients, recent contact with a person with TB, patients with organ transplants

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15
Q

How do you test for latent TB?

A
  1. NEGATIVE SPUTUM SPUTUM 2. Skin and blood test indicate infection 3. Normal chest x-ray 4. TB bacteria alive but NOT ACTIVE 5. Does not feel sick 6. Not infectious
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16
Q

If a patient is tested positive for TB, what should they also be tested for?

A

HIV

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17
Q

S/S of latent TB?

A
  1. No S/S of disease 2. Does not feel sick at all 3. Cannot spread TB to others 4. Risk of developing disease in the future especially if immunocompromised
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18
Q

S/S of active TB?

A

Cough, weight loss, fatigue, fever, chills, loss of appetite, chest pain, bloody cough, highly contagious

19
Q

How do you test for Active TB?

A
  1. POSITIVE SPUTUM 2. May spread bacteria to others 3. Needs treatment 4. Feels sick (cough, fever, weight loss, hemoptysis) 5. Cavitation on chest x-ray
20
Q

A person positive with TB should also be tested for?

A

HIV

21
Q

Gold standard for diagnosing TB?

A

3 sputum samples

22
Q

What cells do HIV infect?

A

Helper T (CD4 cells)

23
Q

What happens when CD4 cells are impaired?

A
  1. Impaired immunity 2. Open door to opportunistic infections 3. Progressive death immune cells 4. Leaving body defenseless
24
Q

S/S of pneumonia are results of?

A
  1. Fluid in lungs 2. Fighting infection 3. Energy spent coughing
25
Q

What are the S/S of pneumonia?

A

Cough, fatigue, N/V, hemoptysis (bloody sputum), chest pain, fever, cyanosis, decreased breath sounds

26
Q

Pneumonia is caused when?

A

Defense mechanism becomes incompetent (immunosuppression)

27
Q

Pneumonia causes decreased cough and epiglottal reflexes, putting patient at risk for?

A

Aspiration

28
Q

Pneumonia stimulating infection initiates which response?

A

Inflammatory response, which results in alveolar edema & exudate formation

29
Q

First player (or initiating factor) in development of an AMI?

A

Atherosclerotic plaque - plaque hardens & narrows arteries, heart’s blood supply diminishes

30
Q

How do you diagnose hypertension?

A

Normal - 120/80; Pre - 121/81-139/89; Stage I - 140/90/-159/90; Stage II 160/100+

31
Q

What does the ECG look like with a STEMI?

A

Elevated baseline (seen in someone suffering a heart attack)

32
Q

Drugs for MI?

A

MONA - Morphine, O2, Nitroglycerine, Aspirin

33
Q

How does the clotting cascade affect progression of AMI?

A
  1. Sudden rupture of atherosclerotic plaque (plaque is very unstable) 2. Clotting cascade triggered 3. Partially-Completely blocked artery 4. Heart deprived of oxygenated blood
34
Q

What happens when the cardiac cells are deprived of O2?

A
  1. 8-10 seconds of O2 deprivation - O2 reserves depleted 2. Heart loses & becomes cyanotic 3. Cell injury to heart 4. Anaerobic metabolism begins 5. ATP depletion 6. Lactic acid & H+ accumulates in cells 7. Heart vulnerable to enzymes due to acidic environment 8. Overwhelmed conduction & contraction impulses
35
Q

3 most contributing risk factors of MI?

A
  1. Hypertension 2. Hypercholesterolemia 3. Smoking; (Also - heart disease, CAD, previous MI)
36
Q

What causes Graves Disease?

A

Hyperthyroidism

37
Q

What is the connection between the liver and the kidneys, causing the kidneys to fail?

A
  1. Liver < ability to synthesize proteins (albumin) 2. Decreased protein in blood - decreased oncotic pressure 3. Fluid leaks from capillaries into tissues (results in hypotension) 4. Hypotension causes < kidney perfusion (remember, the kidneys require a certain blood pressure to be perfused adequately) 5. Kidneys trigger RAAS system and release ADH 6. Since the compensatory mechanisms are insufficient in counteracting vasodilation (hypoalbuminemia), this causes < GFR & ultimately acute renal failure
38
Q

Pathophysiology of hepatorenal syndrome?

A

End-stage liver disease -> Splanchnic arterial vasodilation/Impaired cardiac output -> Activation of systemic vasoconstrictor systems -> Impaired renal perfusion -> Hepatorenal syndrome

39
Q

How do you resolve ascites?

A

Transfuse albumin into paracentesis; Albumin is pulled back into the space and then perform paracentesis

40
Q

How does RAAS influence hypertension?

A

AI & AII increase systemic vascular resistance & C.O. = > BP

41
Q

S/S of hypertension?

A

Headache

42
Q

Primary VS Secondary

A

Primary - essential, 90%, no identifiable cause; Secondary - 10%, identifiable underlying cause

43
Q

Primary hypertension is due to?

A

Complex interaction between factors that regulate CO & SVR

Pathophysiology - FINAL (14 decks)

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