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Pigs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the split of time of weaning, growing and finishing

A

Weaning from 4-10 weeks
Growing 11-16 weeks
Finishing 17-23 weeks

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2
Q

What two parameters are pig value based on

A

Weight and P2 fat depth

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3
Q

What temperature indicates a fever in pigs and what group of pigs may have a higher temperature normally

A

> 40 is fever
Lactating sows have raised temps; up to 39.3

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4
Q

Pig gestation length

A

116 days

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5
Q

Pig oestrus cycle length and oestrus duration

A

Cycle = 21 days
Oestrus lasts around 60 hours but very variable

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6
Q

When do female and male pigs reach puberty

A

Females at 5 months
Males at 8 months

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7
Q

What type of breeding pattern do pigs naturally follow

A

Seasonal breeders; infertile in summer; fertile in late autumn

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8
Q

How is weaning related to the next oestrus of a sow

A

Cessation of lactation causes initiation of next oestrus
Get next oestrus 4-6 days after weaning

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9
Q

What is the ideal weaning to service interval

A

5.5 days

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10
Q

What is second litter drop syndrome

A

Where sows perform worse at their second litter compared to first. Probably because ova don’t mature properly for second pregnancy during the first one due to physiological stress and low appetitie during growing of large litter

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11
Q

Who is included in the ‘sow herd’

A

Any currently and potentially reproductively active females; so it DOES include the maiden gilts

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12
Q

What is a rough parity replacement for sows

A

20%
So 2 in every 10 pigs served should be a gilt

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13
Q

What is the theoretical minimum interval between farrowing

A

147 days
This would give just under 2.5 litters per year

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14
Q

When does mortality of piglets increase significantly in terms of sow parity

A

After 5 litters

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15
Q

What pheromone do boars produce

A

5-alpha androsterone

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16
Q

How many boars to use if doing natural service

A

Indoor: 1 boar to 20 females
Outdoor: 1 boar to 15 females

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17
Q

When do boars become fertile

A

10-12 months old

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18
Q

How could we do artificial oestrus synchronisation in pigs

A

Give 18 days of synthetic progesterone (altrenogest) then when you stop, get oestrus 5-7 days later
Can also just delay by the day after weaning with altrenogest

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19
Q

Why don’t prostaglandins work well in oestrus synchronisation in pigs

A

Because the CLs are refractory to the action of prostaglandins for most of their lifespan

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20
Q

Why does oestrus start after lactation stops

A

Get reduction in endrophins from suckling reflex; this reduces prolactin production which releases inhibition on the start of oestrus cycle

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21
Q

What is break through oestrus

A

When there is a brief cessation of suckling i.e if sow separated from litter during moving, piglets stop suckling if too hot
so get an oestrus occuring during lactation; then won’t be able to have oestrus until 21 days after this so doesn’t follow normal pattern of a heat 5 days post weaning

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22
Q

How does the timing of one oestrus starts in relation to weaning affect the length of the oestrus

A

The earlier they come into oestrus, the longer it lasts

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23
Q

How long are ova and sperm viable for each

A

Ova for 8 to 10 hours
Sperm for 48 hours + take 6 hours to capacitate

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24
Q

When is the optimum mating time in relation to ovulation

A

= 8-10 hours before ovulation

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25
Q

When does ovulation occur within oestrus cycle

A

2/3 of the way through

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26
Q

Why is boar rotation important

A

To stop females from getting bored of the same ones; new pheromones etc; bring its oestrus

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27
Q

How often to serve pigs with AI

A

Once every 24 hours; starting from as soon as oestrus spotted if LATE HEAT or a day after oestrus spotted if EARLY HEAT

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28
Q

What is summer infertility

A

Where sows don’t cycle during summer
= related to light levels so especially seen in outdoor farms

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29
Q

When does implantation occur during pregnabcy

A

14-21 days

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30
Q

How can we get sows to farrow at the same time

A

Give all of them prostaglandins at same time ~ 24 hours before you want them to farrow

31
Q

What is the cause of most piglet mortality

A

Starvation; born with very little energy stores

32
Q

What is the minimum number of samples to take for blood tests in a pig herd

A

15

33
Q

Difference in what PCR vs serology tells us about a disease

A

PCR tells us about organism presence now
Serology tells us about exposure at some point

34
Q

Basic targets for pigs born alive per year/per litter/farrowing index

A

Alive per year = 31
Alive per litter = 15
Farrowing index goal is 2.4

35
Q

What are the 3 manifestations that present as low piglet numbers/infertility

A

Conception failure
Poor litter size
Too few litters born per year

36
Q

What is litter scatter

A

Where a few v small litters upset the distribution; i.e having 15% of litters giving 10 piglets or less

37
Q

What can be done to reduce the risk of chronic cystitis

A

Ensure good access to water
Urine acidification

38
Q

How do synthetic analogues of GnRH work and when might we give them to improve conception

A

Give after weaning to stimulate increase in FSH/LH

39
Q

How might we stimulate ovaries in gilts

A

PG600, gonadotrophins (FSH/LH)

40
Q

Specific infections that might cause abortion in pigs

A

PRRS, parvo, erysipelas, mycotic abortion, leptospirosis, trueperlla

41
Q

Which infections that can cause abortion in pigs might we vaccinate for

A

PRRS
Parvovirus

Can also vaccinate for erysipelas and lepto

42
Q

Why can’t we count placentas in pigs to correlate with fetuses born

A

Because there is often fusion of the allanto-chorionic sacs so the fetal membranes come out in clumps

43
Q

What factors contribute to secondary uterine inertia

A

Heat, exhaustion, dehydration, hypocalcaemia, long dystocia, other disease

44
Q

What factors contribute to primary uterine inertia

A

overly fat sow, hydrops fetus, overful uterus, lack of exercise, in theory hypocalcaemia
Concurrent illness
Posterior pituitary issue causing lack of luteolysis

45
Q

If pig fetuses are malpresented what way are they usually coming

A

T boned

46
Q

Are corticosteroids indicated after dystocia

A

Yes

47
Q

What can be used to induce parturition in pigs

A

Prostaglandins

48
Q

What is farrowing fever

A

MMA complex; mastitis, metritis, agalactia
Actually rarely pyrexic

49
Q

Theories for MMA complex

A

May relate to endotoxaemia due to stagnant gut - constipation is involved

May relate to ketosis

50
Q

Treatment for farrowing fever

A

Corticosteroids, oxytocin, broad spectrum antibiotics, NSAIDs

51
Q

Which infectious diseases might affect a piglet in first few days

A

E coli
Clostridia

52
Q

What do we need to be aware of when using oxytocin during dystocia

A

Dose rates are low; be careful not to overdose
2-4iu during farrowing

53
Q

What are empty days for a pig
What are non-productive days

A

Empty days = when not pregnant i.e between farrowing and conception

Non-production = days between weaning and conception

54
Q

What does farrowing index refer to

A

Litters per sow per year
- Theoretical max is 2.47

55
Q

POssible causes of gilt anoestrus and how common

A

= rare; <3%

May be due to abnormal anatomy e.g intersdx, failure to attain puberty

56
Q

What might cause sow post-weaning anoestrus

A

Very poor body condition i.e starvation
Summer infertility
Not enough boar contact
Endometritis
Stress

57
Q

Whta is classified as a late return to service

A

> 11 weeks supposedly - rest is irregulat

58
Q

Legislation on tooth clippingi in pigs

A

Must be done before 7 days age and leave an intact smooth surface

59
Q

How can we reduce post-weaning diarrhoea risk

A

Introduce creep pre-weaning
Strict hygiene

60
Q

Is immuno-castration via Improvac good

A

Yes
It is not a mutilation unlike castration and is much more effective at reducing aggression

61
Q

How much of the pig tail is well innervated

A

Just the proximal third

62
Q

Requirement for space for pigs in relation to lying down

A

Space needed is between sternal recumbency and lateral recumbency space

63
Q

What is key in management of the sow after parturition

A

Good nutrition; 10+kg/day during lactation - do not need to reduce it as in cows

64
Q

What drugs do we use for sow C section

A

Azaperone sedation Ketamine GA

65
Q

What is the major legislation governing pig welfare

A

WOFAR 2003
Only do tooth clipping or tail docking if there is evidence of injury to sow teats/other pig tails/ears AND other measures have been taken to improve and not worked

66
Q

What weight do gilts reach puberty and when to serve them

A

Puberty at 90-100kg ~5 months
Serve at 7-8 months when 130kg

  • Wnat them to have had a few oestrus cycles befores serving
67
Q

How often can we use boars

A

2-3 times per week

68
Q

What transgenerational effects can aggression at mixing of sows cause

A

Increased stress reactivity
Poor growth rates
Poor maternal behaviour

Esp when around time of HPA axis development

69
Q

Largest cause of piglet mortaliy (welfare lecture)

A

Crushing

70
Q

Disadvantages with outdoor huts and arcs

A

Disease poorer; paraistism hard to control
Poor thermal comfort

71
Q

Access to what can reduce risk of gastric ulcers in pigs

A

Straw bedding

72
Q

How can a barrier in weaned pig housing help

A

Weak piglets use it
Get less aggression, more weight gain

73
Q

Regular vs irregular return to oestrus times

A

Regular = 18-24days
Irregulat = 25-35 days

pigs (9 decks)

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