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pigs > Pig respiratory system > Flashcards

Pig respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the typical agent that causes acute fibrinous necrotising pleuro-pneumonia

A

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

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2
Q

What is the typical agent that causes chronic necrotising pleuro-pneumonia

A

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

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3
Q

Typical agents causing embolic pneumonia (pyaemia)

A

Trueperella pyogenes
Staph aureus

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4
Q

What is the typical agent of disseminated broncho-interstitial viral pneumonia

A

Influenza

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5
Q

Typical agents causing viral interstitial pneumonia

A

PCV2
PRRSV

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6
Q

What is the causative agent of progressive atrophic rhinitis

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica
Toxigenic pasteurella multocida

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7
Q

What is the cause of catarrhal rhinitis

A

Influenza

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8
Q

What are the issues with selecting for good immune response genetics in pigs

A

Associated with poor growth and production

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9
Q

How does PRRSV have an immune-dysregulatory effect

A

Targets lung macrophages and kills them; this impacts both innate immunity and antigen presentation

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10
Q

What does porcine resp coronavirus cause

A

A mild cough
NB: this is a mutant from the much mores serious enteric form and gives cross protection

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11
Q

What bacteria are primary agents in pneumonia

A

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
B bronchiseptica

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12
Q

What kind of pathogen is P multocida

A

= opportunistic pathogen; usually a commensal
Follows primary infection with influenza/mycoplasma/PRRSV

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13
Q

Signs and pathological lesions in pneumonic pasteurellosis

A

Small number of pigs (with secondary pathogen) showing coughing, inappetance, fever, low weight gain
Can get septicaemia and die if untreated
–> = some sick pigs against background of less severe disease (with primary pathogen)

Pathologically: consolidated patches of dependent lung lobes, mucopurulent exudate in airways
Some get interstitial nephritis due to immune complex deposition in chronic cases

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14
Q

Aetiology of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

A

Primary pathogen that adheres to tonsils and alveolar epithelium via pili and then can move down to lungs or pass to piglets

Produces haemolysins and cytotoxins and causes destruction of macrophages

Long term tonsil carriage in subclinical infection

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15
Q

Signs and lesions in actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

A

Rapid onset fever, severe dyspnoea, coughing, sneezing, vomiting etc
Seen in piglets post-weaning; spread from those with mAb to susceptible pigs

Lesions = haemorrhagic with fibrinous pleurisy and necrotic centres in caudal or diaphargmatic lobes

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16
Q

How does serology for actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae work

A

Detects antibody against the apxIV toxin; but doesnt tell us anything about virulence of the strain

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17
Q

Can we eradicate actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae once on a farm

A

Very hard due to long term carriage in tonsils
Could buy serologically negative replacement stock

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18
Q

Significance of mycoplasma hyopneumonia

A

COmmon and mild but economically significant due to effects on growth rate and immunsuppression caused

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19
Q

Signs of mycoplasma hyopneumonia infection+ lesions/histopath

A

Widespread barking cough, variable growth rates in group, pigs still look bright

In 6 weeks to finishing age

Lesions = consolidation in dependent lobes; may see pneumonic pasteurellosis in top with P multocida (secondary pathogen)

Lymphocytic cuffing on histopath

20
Q

Epidemiology of mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

A

Spreads via aerosol in damp cool weather
Pigs remain carriers
Immunity short lived so same strain can recirculate on farm
Vaccination how common

21
Q

Which pathogen gives classic lymphocytic cuffing around bronchioles

A

M hyopneumoniae

22
Q

Dealing with M hyopneumonia on a pig farm

A

Use in feed medication during outbreak (tetracyclins, tiamulin)
Vaccinate from a week old

23
Q

What type of pathogen is Glaserella parasuis

A

Gram -ve bacteria
Usually a secondary pathogen
Lots of serotypes; some cause systemic infections via seeding through bloodstream

24
Q

Clinical signs of glasserella parasuis

A

Typical at weaning
Resp disease: nasal discharge and coughing
Polyserositis: arthritis, meningitis, peritonitis
Septicaemia: swelling of face/ears - dead in days

25
Q

Necropsy findings with glaserella parasuis

A

Fibrinous peritonitis, fibrin on chest wall and pericardium

26
Q

Epidemiology of glasserella parasuis

A

Transmission from sow to piglet at young age, then petween pigs at weaning
Respiratory disease usually triggered by underlying viral infection

27
Q

Treatment for glasserella parasuis

A

Parenteral antibiotics e.g penicillin for sick ones
Water mediation for rest of group; tetracycline, amoxycillin

28
Q

Which serotypes cause systemic disease in glasserella parasuis

A

4, 5, 7

29
Q

What disease does bordetella bronchiseptica cause

A

Non-progressive atrophic rhinitis
When toxigenic P multocida is involved too, get progressive atrophic rhinitis

30
Q

Clinical signs and lesions with B bronchiseptica non-progressive atrophic rhinitis

A

Sneezing, coughing, mucopurulent nasal discharge, mild turbinate damage, mild snout deviation
+ bronchopneumonia in some cases

Catarrhal rhinitis, patchy lobular broncopneumonia in some cases i.e looks similar to influenza

31
Q

Which tissues does swine influenza infect

A

Just respiratory tract (unlike in other species where there is gut replication too)

32
Q

Clinical signs with swine influenza

A

Sudden onset coughing in all age groups, fever and inappetance, abortion in sows
Mortality rare

Moves through indoor unit very quickly

33
Q

Lesions post mortem with swine influenza

A

Plum coloured lesions, dependent lobe consolidation
Bloody exudate in airway

34
Q

How can pigs be a vehicle for zoonotic swine influenza

A

Pigs express both alpha2-3 gal and 2-6gal so they are susceptible to both avian (2-3) and human (mostly 2-6) influenza; potential for recombinatino and making new strains

35
Q

What type of pathogen is PRRSV

A

= RNA virus arterivirus

36
Q

What are the two forms of disease from PRRSV

A

Respiratory syndrome: contribution to multifactorial pneumonia –> blue eared pig disease in non-immune herds
Reproductive disease in sows: abortion, weak piglets, mummification etc

37
Q

Aetiology of PRRSV

A

Transmission mostly aerosol but could get from semen, injection, fomites etc
Replicates within pulmonary alveolar macrophages, therefore killing them and causing immune dysregulatory effect

Prolonged viraemia then months of tonsil carriage

38
Q

What might be called blue eared pig disease

A

Porcine reproductive and respitory syndrome virus

39
Q

Why might we get some piglets alive and some mummified in PRRSV

A

Due to slow spread through uterus

40
Q

Diagnosis of PRRSV

A

Gold standard is PCR on blood

41
Q

Control of PRRSV

A

Modified live vaccine in breeding sows to avoid number of viraemic piglets born

Expose gilts to farm strains before breeding to stimulate immunity and good colostrum to piglets

42
Q

Causative agents in catarrhal bronchopneumonia

A

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae mostly

May have some strep, M hyorhinitis

43
Q

What are heavy, rubbery non-collapsed lungs with oedema suggestive of

A

Interstitial viral pneumonia
e.g from PCV2, PRRSV

44
Q

If we see pneumonic pasteurellosis cases what might we want to review the vaccination protocol of

A

PRRSV
Mycoplasma

(because P multocida = SECONDARY pathogen)

45
Q

Which mycoplasma is a primary agent in pneumonia

A

M hyopneumoniae

46
Q

How does mycoplasma hyopneumonia have an immune-dysregulatory effect

A

Stops cilia beating so lose muco-ciliary escalator

47
Q

How does PCV2 have an immune-dysregulatory effect

A

Reduced macrophage and lymphocyte numbers

pigs (9 decks)

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