Pig cardiovascular Flashcards
What type of anaemia do piglets get without supplementation
microcytic hypochromic anaemia
Clinical signs of iron deficiency anaemia in pigs
pale, weak, hairy, slow growing pigs + dyspnoea, lethargy, palpable thrill heart murmur and progression to death
How much iron per day do piglets need and what is supplied in the milk
Need 15mg/day
ONly get 1mg/day in milk
What is the aetiology of vitamin E/Se deficiency in pigs
Mulberry heart disease
Oxygen free radical damage; may be due to absolute VitE/Se deficiency or relative due to high oxidised fat in diets or high iron
Clinical signs of vit E/Se deficiency
sudden death, pigs in acute cardiogenic shock; often in fastest growing pigs as more demand for O2 in tissues
PAthology: may show hepatic rupture, bloody fluid in pericardium, fibrin
What things can cause bleeding due to poor clotting
Insufficiency vitamin K
Warfarin poisoning
anticoagulants in bedding
Vit C deficiency may be implicated
CLinical signs of warfarin poisoning
weakness, pallor, recumbency, haematoma, death
+ history of access to rodenticides
Clinical signs of neonates with vitamin K deficiency
weakness, pallor, death, bleeding from umbilicus
How can we avoid risk of VitK deficiency and umbilical bleeding affecting piglets
Supplement sows with VitK/C on entrance to farrowing house
If there is a history of the issue can clamp cords
Two main primary bacteria causing endocarditis
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Strep suis
How does endocarditis work; pathology
Bacteria colonise AV valve and develop vegetative lesions causing dysfunctin
Leads to intermittent bacteraemia which can cause pyaemia and food safety issues
Typical secondary bacteria involves in endocarditis (in the UK)
T pyogenes
3 forms of erysipelas
Per-acute = found dead with end-stage sudden septicaemia
Acute = high fever, diamond lesions; either die from septicaemia or progress to chronic signs
Chronic = congestive heart failure from endocarditis, lameness due to arthritis
Treatment of erysipelas
Penicillin + NSAIDs
Worse prognosis for chronic disease
Haemolytic anamia of neonatal pigs aetioloty
Antibodies in sow colostrum against piglet RBC antigens cause RBC destruction
–> Generally in multiparous sows repeatedly bred to same boar
Clinical signs of haemolytic anaemic of neonates
anaemia, weakness, jaundice esp in bigger piglets at ~3 days old
Diagnosis of haemolytic anaemia of neonatal pigs
normocytic, normochromic anaemia with increased reticulocytes, increased bilirubin
+ positive Coombs test
Dealing with haemolyic anaemic of neonates
Cross-foster piglets
May do intra-peritoneal blood transfusion into very affected pigs
- Assess sow or boar effect and breed away from this
What is thrombocytopaenic purpura
Where sow colostrum contains antibodies against pig platelets and megakaryocytes so get petechial and ecchymotic haemorrhages, melaena, pallor
Best piglets develop it first
Diagnosis of thrombocytopaenic purpura in piglets
anaemia with increased reticulocytes and absence of platelets, bone marrow histology shows absence of megakaryocytes
Which sows do we tend to cross foster piglets suffering thrombocytopaenic purpura onto
Low parity sows; because this is a high parity sow effect as it takes time to develop antibodies against these antigens
What type of disease is procine dermatitis nephropathy syndrome
= immune-complex-mediated necrotising vasculitis
Type III hypersensitivity
Associated with PCV2 related immune dysfunction
Clinical signs of porcine dermatitis nephropathy syndrome
Necrotic skin lesions in inguinal region, flanks, legs =ventrocaudal skin lesinos
Fever
Reluctance to stand
= sporadic cases in finisher pigs
What are we differentiation procine dermatitis nephropathy syndrome from (notifiable)
Classical swine fever
What causes lymphosarcoma in pigs
May be viral
Tends to be random i.e no boar or sow effect
What causes mycotoxicosis
Toxins produced by fungi growing on cereals or feed e.g aspergillus makes aflatoxin, fusarium, penicillium
Clinical signs of mycotoxicosis
+ which do what
Damage to liver, immune system, some system specific effects
Low feed conversino
Zearaone = oestrogenic
Ergotamine = vasoconstrictive; get extrimity ischaemia
When do we tend to see cases of clostridium novyi infection
In older sows after farrowing due to not moving much which can generate hypoxia in the liver
May be seen in fatteners with chronic respiratory disease
Which clostridia cause issues in the liver
C novyi A and B
Spores and ubiquitous; and are ingested
Then sit in the liver and gut and activate after hypoxic challenge
Clinical signs and lesions with clostridium novyi infection
Found dead often
Aero liver that crackes with air, rapid autolysis of caracase, serofibrinous fluid in cavities
Which leptospira serovars cause disease in the UK
L Bratislava, L Canicola, L Icterohaemorrhagiae
Aetoilogy of leptospirosis in pigs
Exposure is from urine of infected pigs/rodents/dogs etc
- Entry via MMs, abrasians or venerally
- Initially get a septicaemia which seeds into kidney for long term infection
How does subclinical leptospirosis present
REproductive disease; 3rd trimester abortions, low viability
How does acute infection with leptospirosis present
ever and lethargy, diarrhoea, haemoglobinuria, jaundice, neuro signs and death
Treatment of leptospirosis; individuals vs group
Individiuals: dihydrostreptomycin
Group: tetracyclines
Vaccination
4 primary presentations of porcine circoviral disease and which is most common
Systemic disease = MOST COMMON
Dermatitis nephropathy syndrome
Reproductive disease
Enteric disaese
How can PCV2 be important in PRDC
= secondary or underlying agent in this due to immune dysregulation driving disease
–> Coughing, dyspnoea, lethargy, reduced growth
Signs of PCV2 systemic disease
- Post-weaning mortality, wasting, enlarged LNs, anaemia, enteritis, hepatitis, pulmonary change
Signs of PCV2 dermatitis nephropathy syndrome
- Ventrocaudal skin lesions; low morbidity, type III hypersensitivity dermonecrosis, generalised lymphadenopathy and oedema in severe cases
Diagnosis and signs of PCV systemic disease (also known as PMWS)
Increased herd post-weaning mortality
Rapid weight loss in 10-20 week pigs, dyspnoea, pallor, jaundice, large LNs
Emaciation
Histopath: lymphocyte depletion in lymphoid tissue and histiocytic infiltrate
- Macrophaegs show high levels of PCV2 antigen
What is the main risk factor for PCV2
Failure to vaccinate
Rules on movement of pigs
PIgs must be identified when moved if >12 months; slap mark, tag, tattoo
- If <12 months and NOT going to slaughter can use temporary spray mark
No movement off a farm for 20 days after arrival unless going to slaughter
Notifiable bacterial disease in pigs present in the UK
Anthrax
Bovine TB
What is the more common cause of tuberculosis in pigs
M avium (very rare to be M bovis)
Clinical signs of TB in pigs
- ABscessation of guts, pharngeal LNs enlarged with yellow caseous material, miliary infection and emaciation
How can we diagnose TB in a pig
Acid fast stain on impression smear; culture, PCR
How does anthrax present in pigs
With pharygeal swelling
> Clinical signs = pharyngeal - swelling, skin necrsis, stertor, fever, death
+ gut related: fever, inappretance, bloody faeces
+ septicaemic; congestion, kidney petechiation, splenic infarcts
What epidemiological factor is anthrax in pigs assocaited with
Swill feeding
What governs dealing with anthrax
Anthrax control order 1991
What bacteria causes anthrax and what type is it
toxigenic spore forming gram -ve bacillus anthracis
What type of pathogen causes classical swine fever
Enveloped RNA pestivirus (flavivirus)
Stable in environment for weeks, frozen for years
Clinical signs of classical swine fever
Fever, high mortality, characteristic haemorrhagic lesions
Related to attach of endothelial cells; vasculitis
- High fever, inappetance, dpression, constipation, skin erythema, neuro signs, diarrhoea etc
What does chronic classic swine fever presentation look like
Wasting, congenital tremor, poor reproductive performance
Pathological lesions in classical swine fever
HAemorrhagic lymphadenomathy; strawberry lymph nodes
Viral vasculitis means petechiaion/ecchymosis in skin/kidney, splenic infarcts, button ulcers in GI mucosa
Cerebellar hypoplasia = cause of congenital tremor
Control policy for classical swine fever
Slaughter of all affected and in contact pigs; disposal, cleaning and disinfection, resting, sentinel repopulation
i) 3km exclusion zone: no movements; welfare culling, aggressive culling
ii) 10km surveillance zone: testing, can go to slaughter only
IS African swine fever present in the UK
NO
But probably will come at some time
What type of virus causes african swine fever
DNA iridocirus (asfarviridae)
Highly resistance
Naturally cycles between warthogs and ticks
HOw does African swine fever virus work
Infection of URT and gut: primary viraemia with infection of endothelium and lymphoid cells vasculitis and immune complex mediated disease
Acute signs of African swine fever
hypothermia, anorexia, huddling, incoordination, conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, dyspnoea, coughing, skin discolouration, mortality, abortion
Lesions = severe haemorrhage, notable haemorrhagic ulceration of the gut
What type of virus causes FMD
DNA aphthovirus
picornavirus
Clinical signs of FMD infection
sudden onset widespread lameness and fever in all age groups
vesicles on coronary band, snout, gums, tongue
Which FMD lesions heal fastest vs slowest
Mouth and tongue heal very fast
Coronary band take >7 days
How is FMD diagnosed
PCR detection on vesicle samples
What is swine vesicular disease
Enterovirus that causes clinical signs similar to FMD
What would lungs from PCV2 infected animal look like
Non-collapsed oedematous lungs; = viral interstitial pneumonia
