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RUSVM Pathology I > Pigments And Tissue Deposits > Flashcards

Pigments And Tissue Deposits Flashcards

1
Q

What are the hematogenous pigments?

A

Hemoglobin
Hemosiderin
Bilirubin
Porphyrin

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2
Q

What pigments are responsible for the colours of a bruise

A

Hemoglobin
Bilirubin
Hemosiderin
Biliverdin

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3
Q

What pigment is yellow in colour

A

Bilirubin

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4
Q

Hemoglobin is broken down into what molecules

A

Fe -> hemosiderin
Heme -> bilirubin
Globin -> amino acids

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5
Q

Unconjugated bilirubin is carried by __________ to the liver

A

Albumin

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6
Q

What enzyme conjugates bilirubin in the liver to make it soluble for secretion?

A

Diglucuronide

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7
Q

Too much bilirubin in the blood is AKA as _________

A

Hyperbilirubinemia

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8
Q

When bilirubinis&raquo_space; 2mg/dl you get __________

A

Jaundice/icterus

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9
Q

What are the three ways that you can have hyperbilirubemia ?

A

Prehepatic (hemolytic
Hepatic (hepatocellular)
Posthepatic (obstructive)

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10
Q

What is prehepatic hyperbilirubinemia?

A

Bilirubin production exceeds hepatocellular uptake

Hemolysis (intravasular or extravascular)

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11
Q

What is hepatic hyperbilirubinemia?

A

Hepatocellular dysfunction

  • decreased bilirubin uptake
  • decreased conjugation
  • decreased secretion on bile

Cause: hepatic insufficiency, hepatitis, hetaptocellular degeneration

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12
Q

What is extravascular hemolysis ?

A

RBC in tissue are lysed.

Hemoglobin is not free in blood (in spleen> splenomegaly)

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13
Q

What is intravascular hemolysis?

A

RBC are lysed in vessels-> Hemoglobin remains in the blood-> filtered by kidney

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14
Q

What is hemoglobinuria?

A

Hemoglobin in urine

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15
Q

How does hemoglobin appear in urine and in serum?

A

Urine - red-brown coloration (blood in urine can look similar but blood will settle, hemoglobin does not)

Serum - pink

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16
Q

What are the etiologic of hemolysis?

A 
Oxidative damage 
Immune-mediated (common in dog) 
Infectious
Direct membrane damage 
Erythrocytes metabolic deficiency
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17
Q

An animal that is anemic, has a swollen spleen, and is jaundiced has what type of hemoglobinemia?

A

Prehepatic

-> anemia -> hemolysis

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18
Q

What is hemosiderin ?

A

Iron stored intracellularly as ferritin

Grossly -brown colour
Microscopically - dark yellow to brown (stain with Prussian blue-> black)

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19
Q

What stain can you use to visualize hemosiderin?

A

Prussian blue/perls

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20
Q

Hemosiderin accumulation can be due to what local changes?

A

Chronic congestion

Hemorrhage

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21
Q

Hemosiderin accumulation can be due to what widespread changes

A

Hemolysis

Inherited disorders of Fe storage

22
Q

What is erythropoietic porphyria?

A

Developmental anomaly of calves, cats, and pigs

Deficiency of prophyrinogen III -> defect in heme synthesis -> porphyrins

23
Q

What is the gross appearance of erythropoietic porphyria?

A

Pink-red discoloration of bones and teeth

Fluorescent with UV light

24
Q

What is the gross and histologically appearance of melanin?

A

Gross: Black/brown tissue colour

Histo: fine brow/black cytoplasmic granules

25
Q

What enzyme is required for melanin synthesis

A

Tyronsinase

26
Q

Dog with caudal area of alopecia, thickened skin, and darker in colour

A

Cutaneous hyperpigmentation

-> Flea allergy dermatitis (chronic inflammation)

27
Q

What is derived from the breakdown of lipids and is an undegradable remnant of breakdown of organelles?

A

Lipofuscin

28
Q

What are the exogenous pigments??

A

Carotenoids (vitamin A accumulation)-> red-orange
Carbon deposits -> black granular
Hematin -> black (parasitic)
Anticoagulant rodenticides -> blue
Tetracylines ->yellow discoloration of teeth

29
Q

What tissue deposit is white gritty granules/plaques, grossly.

A

Calcification

30
Q

What are the two types of calcification?

A

Dystrophic

Metastatic

31
Q

What is dystrophic calcification?

A

Local disposition of calcium in areas of injury

Necrotic fat-calcium interact with fatty acid, producing insoluble calcium soaps (saponification)

Granuloma and dead parasites

32
Q

What is metastatic calcification?

A

Widespread deposition of calcium in otherwise normal tissues

Caused by : Hypercalcemia

33
Q

What are the predilection sites for metastatic calcification?

A 
Vascular intima/adventitia 
Gastric mucosa 
Renal tubular epithelium 
Pulmonary intersitium 
Basement membranes
34
Q

_____________ hormone reduces calcium

A

Calcitonin

35
Q

____________ and ______________ increase calcium levels

A

Parathyroid hormone and vitamin D

36
Q

What are the causes of hypercalcemia ?

A

Excess PTH

Excess vitamin D

37
Q

What is calcinosis cutis? What is it caused by?

A

Widespread mineralization of the dermal collagen and epidermal basement membranes

Hyperadernocorticism
Long term corticosteroid treatment

38
Q

What is amyloid?

A

Fibrils of stacked B-pleated sheets

39
Q

Deposits and accumulation of amyloid in extracellular spaces causes _____________ of adjacent tissues

A

Compression and atrophy

40
Q

Organs that are enlarged with waxy appearance and stains blue violet with treated with iodine + sulfuric acid

A

Amyloidosis

41
Q

Histologically, what do you stain with to visulise amyloid ?

A

Congo red ->bring pink with green birefringence (polarized light)

42
Q

Histologically, how does amyloid appear?

A

Homogenous eosinophilic extracellular material (hyaline)

43
Q

What are the types of amyloid?

A

Amyloid light chain (immunoglobulin)
Amyloid A
Endocrine amyloid
AB amyloid

Will look the same no mature what it is made of

44
Q

What is the pathogenesis of reactive systemic amyloidosis?

A

Chronic inflammation -> liver produces SAA in response to IL4 and IL6 -> spontaneous conversion of SAA to AA-> amyloid fibrils

45
Q

What is the most common form of amyloidosis in animals and can be hereditary, affects kidney, spleen, liver, and lymph nodes.

A

Reactive systemic amyloidosis

46
Q

Accumulation of uric acid in tissues causes?

A

Gout

47
Q

Who produces uric acid as an excretion produce

A

Birds and reptile

Have no urinate (in mammals this enzyme helps in the process of uric acid to urea)

48
Q

What is the end excretion product in mammals?

A

Urea

49
Q

In the liver, myocardium, pleura, and spleen you see chalky white foci on the surface. What deposit is this?

A

Uric acid

50
Q

How does uric acid appear histologically?

A

Clear spaces (crystals dissolve in processing)

Tophi- granulomatous inflammation surrounding the deposit

RUSVM Pathology I (17 decks)

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