Bones 2 Flashcards
What is inflammation of the bones?
Osteitis/osteomyelitis
Trauma may cause osteoperiositis with formation of exostosis
Aseptic inflammation
Where does infection of the bone tend to localize?
Piglets -> vertebral bodies
Metaphysics of long bones due to microanatomy of vessels
What is a common source of osteomyelitis in neonates?
Omphalophlebitis (inflammation of the umbilical vein)
What is actinomycosis? What lesions does it cause? How does the animal usually get it?
AKA lumpy jaw (Actinomyces bovis)
Gram positive branching filamentous bacteria
Localized, chronic, granulomatous abscess of mandible (bone) -> facial distortion, loss of teeth, and dyspnea
Introduced via penetrating wounds of the oral mucosa from wire or coarse hay sticks
In a cat you have chronic pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis. What bacteria do you suspect?
Nocardia spp (N asteroids is most common in dogs and cats)
Pleomorphic, gram positive
Facultative intracellular
Infection follows wounds
What is usually observed in patients with an intra-thoracic space occupying mass?
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy/ osteopathy
Animal with painful swelling of limbs caused by peristaltic bone proliferation in long bones
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy/osteopathy
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy can occasionally be observed in young dogs with _________________ of the unitary bladder, and in mares with _________________
Rhabdomyosarcomas; ovarian tumors
Lion jaw is AKA? Who is it seen most commonly in?
Canine craniomandibular osteopathy
West highland white terriers
What is canine craniomandibular osteopathy?
Proliferative disorder confined to the bones of the skull, especially the mandibles, occipital and temporal bones -> discomfort when chewing or inability to open the mouth
Are bone neoplasia’ usually primary or secondary tumors?
Primary (primarily in dog, lesser in cat)
In what species are bone tumors usually malignant and what species tend to have benign bone tumors ?
Dog- malignant
Horse, cattle, and other domestic species - benign
What are the primary bone neoplasms?
Osteoma Ossifying fibroma Osteosarcoma Chondroma Chondrosarcoma Multilobular tumor of bone
What is the most common primary bone tumor of dogs and cats?
Osteosarcoma
What breeds and age of dogs are most susceptible to osteosarcoma
Large breed - St. Bernard, Great Dane, Irish Setter, Boxer, Doberman, Rottweiler, and Labrador Retrievers
Mean age 7.5
More in males
What tumors accounts for approx 10% of primary bone tumors?
Chondrosarcoma
-involves flat bones (rib, nasal tubinates, and pelvis ) more than long bones
What are the types of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous -united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocatilage
Synovial -covered by hyaline and articular capsule surrounding fluid filled cavity
Joint injuries most commonly occur in synovial (diarthodial) joints, what are the results?
Fibrillation (fraying)
Eburnation “joint mice”
What can form due to chronic joint injury?
Osteophyte
What is villous hypertrophy/hyperplasia
Manifestation of chronic joint injury
Villi of hyperplasia extend from the synovial membrane
What is a pannus?
Fibrovascular (granulation) and histocytic tissue that develops within the synovial membrane at its junction with the periosteum and cartilage margins.
Can spread over the articular surface as a velvety membrane
What generic term is used to describe a joint with severe chronic injury?
End-stage joint
What the appearance of an end-stage joint?
Variable degrees of damage to articular cartilage deformation osteophyte Pannus formation capsular fibrosis synovial villous hypertrophy Occasional ankylosis
What is ankylosis?
Fixation of the joint
What is osteochondrosis (dyschondroplasia)?
Abnormal growth and maturation of the articular cartilage
What is the most common cause of lameness in domestic animals?
Osteochondrosis
What form of osteochondrosis is characterized by the separation of a piece of articular cartilage form the subchondral bone?
Osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD)
What is characterized by a lack of conformity between the femoral head and acetabulum?
Hip dysplasia
Large breed dogs!
What is an early finding to hip dysplasia?
Joint laxity (instability)
What is a Hansen’s type I intervertebral disk disease?
Nucleus pulposa is extruded from the annulus fribrosis
What is a Hansen’s type II inververtebral disk disease?
Protrusion of the nucleus pulposa into the annulus fibrosis (still within capsule)
Osteophyte formation at ventral and lateral margins of vertebral bodies adjacent to vertebral spaces
Spondylosis
AKA
Spondylosis defomans
Ankylosing spondylosis
What is primary degenerative joint disease?
No apparent predisposing cause. Generally observed in older animals
What is secondary degenerative joint disease?
Associated with underlying abnormality in the joint or its supporting structures which leads to premature degeneration of the articular cartilage (eg hip dysplasia/trauma/inflammation)
What is a degenerative diseases in horse affecting the inter-phalangeal joints??
Ring bone
Common in horses used in rodeo or polo-> chronic trauma from abrupt stops/turns
What are common bacteria in septic arthritis of cattle?
Trueperella pyogenes
E.coli (calf)
Histophilus somni
Mycoplasma bovis
What are common bacterial isolates from septic arthritis in swine?
Trueperella Erysipelothrix Strep suis Haemophilus suis and parasites Mycoplasma hyorrhinis Micocpalsma hyosynoviae
What is a common bacteria isolated from septic arthritis of dogs and humans
Borrellia burgdorferi
What is caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE)?
Retrovirus > respiratory and neurological syndrome -> joint lesions are characterized by a lymphocytic hyperplastic synovitis with formation of carpal hygromas
What is a hygroma?
Chronic lesions that appears as a flattened cystic fluid filled subcutaneous distention over the crainal carpus
Non-infectious arthritis etiology? What is the pathogenesis ??
Immune -mediated
Persistence of antigen in the synovial membrane of affected joints -> deposition of the immune complexes derived from inflammatory lesions -> erosive and non-erosive forms described
Malignant neoplasms of joints arise from _____________
Synovial membrane
What are the two types of malignant neoplasms of joints?
Synovial cell sarcoma : malignant tumor arising form synovial fibrocyte origin
Histocytic sarcoma: malignant tumor arising form cells of histocytic phenotype, possible dendritic (Langerhans) cells present in the synovium
