Inflammation Flashcards
Define inflammation
Reaction of vascularized living tissue to injury
Characteristics of inflammation
Changes in vascular bed, blood, CT
Intended to eliminate irritant and repair damaged tissue
Signs of inflammation
Redness Heat Swelling Pain Loss of function
What are the roles of inflammation
Dilute, contain and isolate injury
Destroy invading microorganisms and/or inactivate toxins
Healing and repair
What are the three main outcomes of inflammation
Ideal conditions-> return to normal
Intense inflammatory response-> separate injured tissue
Failure-> sequel
What must occur for the outcome of inflammation to return to normal
Elimination of source of injury
Resolve inflammatory process
Restore normal issue architecture and physiological functions
What occurs if the outcome of inflammation is an intense inflammatory response?
Attempt to isolate inflammatory process and formation of a wall, like a capsule (e.g. abscess)
If inflammation fails what is the outcome of the inflammatory process?
Persistence of inflammatory cells
Scar formation
T/F: inflammation can occur in non-living tissue
F
Only in living tissue
T/F: inflammation can be more harmful than the initiating stimulus
T
Eg anaphylactic shock
Over-reaction
T/F: inflammation is unpredicatable due to the variety of initiating stimulus
F
Inflammation is fairly predictable irrespective of the initiating stimulus
T/F: inflammation is a highly redundant process with many promoters and regulators
T
T/F: inflammation occurs only in vascularized tissues
T
Critically tied to the blood (plasma, cells, vessels, cellular and extracellular component of CT)
The escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from he vascular system into the intersitum or body cavities
Exudaiton
Exudation implies what about blood vessels?
Alteration of normal permeability
A extravasular fluid that has: high protein concentration, cellular debris, and high specific gravity (>1.02)
Exudate
A fluid with low protein content and low specific gravity (<1.02)
Transudate
Results from hydrostatic imbalances across the vascular endothelium
The fluid in a hydrothorax is __________
Transudate
The fluid in a pyothorax is ___________
Exudate
__________ is excess fluid in the interstitial tissue or serous cavities, it can be an exudate or transudate
Edema
_________ is an inflammatory exudate rich in leuckocytes (primarily neutorphils) and parchymal cell debris
Pus
How is inflammation classified?
Extent (min->severe) Duration (periacute->chronic) Distribution (focal -> diffuse) Exudate Anatomical modifiers Organ
What are the main characteristics of a peracute inflammation
Usually from a potent stimulus
No time to response
Time 0-4hrs Vascular: -hyperemia -slight edema -hemorrhage Inflammatory cells: -few leukocytes Clinical signs: -shock, sudden death
Infectious canine hepatitis is an example of ______________ inflammation
Peracute
What are characteristics of acute inflammation
TIME: 4-6hrs
Vascular:
- active hyperemia
- edema
- occasional fibrin thrombi within vessels
Inflammatory cells:
- leukocytes infiltration is variable
- neutrophils are predominant
Clinical signs
-classical inflammation (heat, red, swelling, pain, loss of function)
Reactive inflammation of lymph nodes
Lymphadenitis
-occurs in acute, subacute, and chronic inflammation
Inflammation of lymphatic vessels
Lymphangitis
What is subacute inflammation
Gradual change between acute and chronic
Inflammatory response DOES NOT include reparative response such as fibroplasia and angiogenesis
What are the characteristics of subacute inflammation
TIME: larger time span
Vascular:
- decline in magnitude of vascular changes
- compared to acute inflammation
Inflammatory cells:
- mixed or pleocellular inflammatory infiltrate
- primarily neutrophilic
- lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells
What are not features of subacute inflammation
Fibrosis and neovascularization
When can chronic inflammation arise and what is evidence of it in tissue
Persistent stimulus -host has failed to eliminate causative agent
Evidence of host tissue response
- scar formation-> fibrosis
- parenchyma regeneration
What are characteristics of chronic inflammation
TIME: variable
Vascular involvement: proliferation of capillaries and small blood vessesl –> hemorrhage and congestion
Inflammatory cells:
-mononuclear-> lymphocytes/macrophage/plasma cells/fibroblasts
Clinical signs: prolonged duration of inflammatory lesions
Sometimes lymphatic involvement
Single or abnormality or inflamed area in tissue
Focal inflammation
Usually 1mm to several cm
Arising from or pertaining to many foci
Multifocal
Distribution that involves considerable zone of tissue within a inflamed organ
Locally extensive
What are the possible origins of locally extensive distribution
Severe local reactions that spread into adjacent normal tissue
Coalescence of foci in a multifocal reaction
What type of distribution involves the entire tissue
Diffuse
Diffuse lesions are often due to _________ or ___________ in etiology
Viral or toxic
Type of exudation consisting of or containing pus
Suppurative
OR purulent
Liquid inflammation composed of accumulated dead cells,leukocytes, and fluid from inflammatory edema-forming process
Pus
The process by which pus is formed
Suppuration
-implies neutrophils and proteolytic enzymes are present, and necrosis of the host cells has occurred.
Collection of pus walled of in a fiberous capsule
Abscess
Severe injury to endothelium and basement membranes results in ____________ exudation
Fibrous
Yellow-white or pale stringy/shaggy meshwork which gives a rough irregular appearance to the tissue surfaces.
Fibrinous inflammation
Inflammatory process where neutrophils and fibrin are abundant
Fibrinopurulent exudate
What is the difference between fibrinous exudate and fibrosis
Fibrinous exudate- acute
Fibrosis - chronic
Different stages of the same process: transformation of fibrinous exudate (acute) into well vascularized CT fibrosis (chronic)
Fibrin on tissue surface is easily broken
Provides support for eventual i growth of fibroblasts and neocapillaries
Removed by fibrinolysis or by phagocytosis
Inflammatory process in which the exudate occurs in tissues int he absence of prominent cellular response
Serous exudation
What are the contents of serous exudate
Rich in protein
Derived from blood and locally injured cells
Yellow, straw-like colour fluid
Serous exudate
What will follow the rupture of a vesicle filled with serous exudate
Ulceration
What type of inflammation is always chronic and has lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells
Granulomatous inflammation
What are the most abundant cells in granulomatous inflammation
Macrophages
Epitheliod and multinucleated giant cells
What is usually the etiology of granulomatous infection
Non-digestible organism or particle which serves as a chronic inflammatory stimulus
Mycobacterium, Actinomycetes, Blastomyces, Coccidiodies
Mineral roil, compels polysaccharides, or foreign bodies
Necrotizing inflammation
Necrosis is main feature with minimal exudation
Process is interpreted as inflammatory rather than purely ischemic
Hemorrhagic inflammation
Hemorrhage is the main feature
Etiologic agent will indicate that the process is inflammatory rather than a circulatory disturbance
Segmental inflammation
Usually to describe intestinal
Only a segment is affected
Catarrhal inflammation
Aka mucopurulent
Exudate is composed of mucus and pus
What are the polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Mast cell
What are the mononuclear inflammatory cells
Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Monocytes and macrophages
Platelets
Cells with a multilobed nucelus containing abundant cytoplasmic granules
Neutrophils
What are the two types of granules of neutrophils
Azurophil (primary) -dense
Specific (secondary)
What are characteristics of neutrophils
Highly motile -amoebic movement
Chemotatic reponse
Phagocytic and bactericidal activities
What are the functions of neutrophils
Phagocytosis and secretion of pro-inflammatory substances
Mediate tissue injury (free radicals and lysosome enzymes) and regulate inflammatory response (chemical mediators)
Kill microorganisms by
- free radicals
- hydrogen peroxide
- lysosome enzymes
Eosinophils are common in what response?
Allergic
Parasite
Bright eosinophilic granules, segmented nucelus
Eosinophils
What are the granules of eosinophilic cells
Small Primary Large secondary -major basic protein -eosinophilic cationic protein -eosinophil derived neurotoxin -eosinophil peroxidase
_____________ is strongly toxic to parasites and cells and can cause histamine release from mast cells and basophils
Major basic protein
_____________ contributes to parasite killing and shortens coagulation time
Eosinophilic cationic protein
What are ways eosinophils are effective in killing helminth parasites
Antibody-depended cell-mediated cytoxicity
Adherence and degranulation on helminth
-> major basic protein and esopinophilic cationic protein
What cells mediate the antibody response and the delayed cellular hypersensitivity response??
Lymphocytes and plasma cells
Cells with dense staining nucleus and very little cytoplasm
Lymphocytes
What are the functions of macrophages
Phagocytosis
Modulate inflammation and repair
Regulate immune response
Produce IL1
Cells with a prominent, central nucleus which may be folded or bean-shaped
Azurophilic granules
Machrophage
Activation of macrophages results in what cellular changes?
Increase cell size
Increase lysosomal enzymes
Increase metabolism
Increase ability to phagocytose
