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RUSVM Pathology I > Introduction, Necropsy, PM, Descriptions > Flashcards

Introduction, Necropsy, PM, Descriptions Flashcards

1
Q

What is disease ?

A

Any deviation from the normal structure or function

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2
Q

What is etiology

A

Cause of a disease

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3
Q

____________ is the sequence of events from initial stimulus to ultimate expression of disease

A

Pathogenesis

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4
Q

What are the 5 pathological processes?

A 
Degeneration/necrosis 
Inflammation and repair 
Circulatory disorders 
Disorders of growth 
Deposits and pigmentation
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5
Q

A concise statement or conclusion concerning the nature, cause, or name of a disease

A

Diagnosis

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6
Q

What is a lesion?

A

Any morphological change in tissues during disease

Alteration in color, shape, size, texture
Micro- or Macro- scopic

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7
Q

What is the difference between morphologic diagnosis and etiologic diagnosis?

A

Morphological has pathological process, location, and distribution

Etiologic has CAUSE

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8
Q

What is a pathognomomic lesion

A

Lesion that is characteristic of a specific disease

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9
Q

What areas should be avoided during a post mortem?

A

Area accessible to animals
Food containing areas
High traffic area
Areas that are difficult to disinfect

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10
Q

What are disposal options following a PM?

A 
Burial 
Renderer
Transport to a disposal site 
Incineration 
Composting
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11
Q

What area is ideal for a PM exam??

A

Concrete (easy to clean)
Sun exposure
Straw bed

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12
Q

What biosafety level should you operate at in a standard PM exam

A

BSL 2
Associated with human disease

Limited access, sharps and biosafety precautions
PPE: lab coat, gloves, face protection (as needed)

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13
Q

What are the steps of a PM exam

A 
External exam 
Open body cavities
Collect microbiological samples 
Remove and dissect organs 
Collect histological organs
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14
Q

How should microbiological samples collected?

A

Aseptic technique
Intensities last
Generous samples

Fresh samples and clean containers
Keeps samples cold

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15
Q

How should histological samples be collected from a PM exam?

A

All organs- especially those with lesions
Label tissues
Direct samples toward most likely cause
Tox- urine, stomach, fat, and liver

10:1 ratio formalin:tissue
No larger than 1cm thickness- formalin will not penetrate greater than a 1/2 cm tissue
Capsule organs to be incised

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16
Q

PM decomposition is due to what two processes

A

Autolysis

Putrefaction

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17
Q

What is autolysis

A

Self-digestion/degradation of cells and tissues by the hydrolytic enzymes normally present in tissues

After somatic death due to total diffuse hypoxia

Cell degeneration

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18
Q

What is putrefaction

A

Post mortem bacteria break down tissue

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19
Q

What types of tissues autolyze the quickest and why?

A

GI tract
Pancreas
Gall bladder

High concentration of proteolytic enzymes

20
Q

Rate of decomposition is dependent on?

A

Cause of death
Environmental and body temp
Microbial flora

21
Q

The presence of ___________ is most likely to be microscopically obscured by decomposition

A

Cell injury (necrosis)

22
Q

Contraction of the muscles after death

A

Rigor mortis

Due to depletion of ATP and inability to detach from actin binding site.

23
Q

What factors can accelerate onset of rigor mortis?

A

High heat or activity before death

24
Q

What is liver mortis?

A

Hypostatic congestion

Gravity will pull blood post death
Variation in color of tissues: skin, lungs, and kidney

25
Q

Is this antemortem or postmortem clot?

Attached to vessel walls
Dry and dull
Lamellated
Friable

A

Antemortem

Thrombus

26
Q

Is this antemortem or postmortem clot?

Unattached
Shiny and wet
Elastic

A

Postmortem clot

27
Q

Red staining of tissue especially the intima of heart, arteries and veins

A

Hemoglobin imbibition

Hb is released by lysed RBC and penetrates the vessel wall into adjacent tissues

28
Q

Yellowish to greenish brown staining of liver/intestines/diaphragm?

A

Bile imbibition

Bile from gallbladder stains adjacent tissues

29
Q

Postmortem bacterial gas formation in lumen of GI tract

A

Bloat

30
Q

What are associated changes with bloat?

A

Rectal/vaginal prolapse
Froth in trachea
Ruptured viscera

31
Q

What common PM changes occur in the eye?

A

Corneal opacity due to dehydration of cornea

“Cold cataracts”

32
Q

What is pesudomelanosis?

A

Greenish-black discoloration of tissues post mortem
Decomposition of blood by bacteria forming hydrogen sulfide with iron

Seen in tissues associated with the gut

33
Q

How do you differentiate antemortem vs postmortem ingesta in the trachea

A

Antemortem aspiration: inflammation and deep in lungs

Postmortem: due to relaxation of sphincter after death

34
Q

A red-brown fluid coming from the nose during PM exam could be due to?

A

Capillaries in nose autolyse quickly with congestion

35
Q

What PM changes could lead to pulmonary edema and congestion? How do you determine antemortem disease?

A

PM: heart stops and blood pools in the lungs
Rigor mortis redistributes blood centrally

Antemortem: respiratory problems prior to death

36
Q

What is the difference between a description and a MDx?

A

Description: what you see, not subjective, no interpretation

MDx: interpretation of the description making subjective conclusions

37
Q

What are the features of a good description ?

A 
Number 
Size 
Location 
Shape 
Color Consistency 
Margins/Surface

No SLO DiSCo CoMas

38
Q

What is the appropriate way to measure size in a description ?

A

Actual measurement in metric units

39
Q

What should you include in the when describing the location of a lesion ?

A

Organ
Location within that organ
Position relative to other organs

40
Q

What should be included in the description of the distribution of the lesion?

A 
Pattern and extent of the lesion 
Eg 
focal/multifocal
Diffuse/locally extensive 
Symmetrical/asymmetrical

Present of total tissue effected

Route of spread

41
Q

How should shape be described in a description of a lesion

A

Geometric shapes/straight line
Raised/depressed

Do not use regular irregular -> what does that even mean?

42
Q

A well demarcated lesion margin can represent what types of lesions?

A

Tumors
Infarcts
Chronic lesions with fibrous capsules

43
Q

What does a poorly demarcated lesion margin usually represent?

A

Lesion and adjacent tissues may be similar

Process gradually infiltrating to normal tissue -> poorly contained

44
Q

What are the features of a MDx?

A 
Organ 
Pathological process
Distribution 
Chronicity 
Severity
45
Q

What are the features of an Etiological diagnosis?

A

Cause
Organ
Pathological process

RUSVM Pathology I (17 decks)

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