Developmental abnormalities Flashcards
_______________ are defects of growth or development of a tissue or organ that are present, but not necessarily obvious, at birth
Congenital defects
T/F; congenital defects always genetic or inherited
False
What are the types of anatomical malformations?
Failure to fuse Failure to Canalize/separate Cyst Failure of structure development Abnormal structure development Ectopic development
What are the biochemical defects?
Inability to synthesize enzyme/protein
Usually due to genetic defect, and usually not a gross malformation
What can the the etiology of a developmental anomalies
Genetic/ inherited defect Infectious agent (usually virus) Nutrition Physical agent Unknown
The outcome of a developmental anomaly is due to what two main factors
Timing
Tissue injured
Injury to a zygote usually has what effect on an embryo/fetus?
Death and reabsroption
Injury to an embryo usually has what outcome
Developmental anomaly carried to term
Death of embryo and abortion
Injury to fetus will usually have what outcome?
Illness/death of fetus
- > abortion
- > mummification
- > stillbirth
- > weak neonates
- > persistent viremia and immunotolerance
What do you call splitting of the hard palate (often seen in puppies))
Palatoschisis
What do you call splitting of the lip
Cheiloschisis
Can palatoschisis and cheiloschisis be a problem? Why?
Yes
Respiratory infections (chronic rhinitis).
Aspiration pneumonia
A cat given griseofluvin during pregnancy can result in what developmental defect? What do you call this chemical?
Palatoschisis
Chemical teratogen
What do you call an animal with an extra digit? Should this animal breed?
Polydactyl
No-genetic
What is pectus excavatum?
Congenital abnormality of thoracic skeleton where the caudal sternebrane deviate dorsally
->lateral flaring of rib cage
What breed of cat are associated with pecks excavatum?
Persian
In a cat you see cerebellar hypoplasia. This developmental anomaly is likely due to ?
Feline panleukopenia virus (parvovirus)
What might be the genetic etiology of developmental anomalies?
Inherited genes
Spontaneous mutation
Chromosomal anomalies
Breed predispositions
What are developmental anomalies of Persian cats?
Polycystic kidney disorder Cardiomyopathy Cataracts Cleft palates and cleft lip Mega-esophagus Portosystemic shunt (liver) PDA Entropion Amyloidosis Mucopolysaccharidosis
In a kidney, you see cysts. What disease is this and what breed of cat is susceptible ?
Polycystic kidney disease
Persian
Manx cats have a high percent of cats with what genetic defect
Spinal defects -> high mortality
A dog with pancreatic aplasia or hypoplasia. What is the disease name and what type of anatomical defect is it?
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Failure to develop
German Sheppard’s often have _______________ disease that causes pancreatic hypoplasia
Acute necrotizing pancreatitis
A malformation of the coxofemoral joint is called ___________ and is due to what type of anatomical defect?
Hip dysplasia
Abnormal development of a structure
Give the MDX for a dog who's radiographs show... Flat heads of both femurs Flat acetabular rims Both luxated Early osteopaths
Coxofemoral malformation
Hip dysplasia
You see many cows aborting late term fetuses. The fetuses have limbs that are fixed in place. What is this?
Arthrogryposis
Injury of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular tissues
What is the pathogenesis of arthrogyposis?
Damage to muscular/neurological tissue -> limbs do not move during development -> connective tissue matures -> limbs fixed
What is the etiology of arthogryposis?
Akabane (Bunyaviruius)
Calves infected with bunyavirus at 10-180days will have what outcome?
Nerves affected -> severe nonsupperative myelitis -> arthogryposis
Calves infected by bunyavirus between 80-100days will have what outcome?
Hydranencephaly and limbs that are fixed in place
In a lamb you see and ear lacking an ear canal. What is the MDx and what type of ant atomically defect is is?
Atresia ani
Failure to canalize
Can be fixed surgically
What is synophthalmia? What can it be caused by?
Fusion of the two eye orbits causing one eye (cyclops)
Veratrum californium at day 14 of gestation
Cyclopamine toxin from plant
What is schistosomes reflexus? What type of anatomical defect is it?
Animal is born inside out Stern also cleft Dorsal reflection of ribs Eventration of viscera Non-union of pelvic symphysis
Failure to fuse
No agent causes this but the cow will not be able to give birth to this animals -> requires and C section
What is prognathia ?
Positioning of the maxilla or mandible forward of a normal position (over or underbite)
Polydactyl is what type of anatomical defect?
Abnormal development of a structure
What do you call the condition where the heart is found cranial within the neck?
Ectopic cordia
Ectopic development
What do you call additional limbs?
Polymelia
What is wry nose?
Maxillofacial deformity of equine
What is lethal white syndrome?
Inherited genetic defect in foals
Causes colonic hypoplasia - cells of neuronal crest have poor formation of myenteric plexus
Albinism- no melanocytes
What is lysosomal storage disease?
Genetic deficiency of particular lysosomal enzymes
-> vacuoles with accumulated substrate
Affects neurons, skeletal, and cardiac muscle (low replication)
What do you call the disease where an animal is lacking enzymes that process surgars?
Biochemical defect
Mannosidosis (defect of mannosidase)
