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Italian Wine Scholar: Northern Italy > Piemonte: Sub-Regions and Appellations > Flashcards

Piemonte: Sub-Regions and Appellations Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major sub-regions of Piemonte?

A

1) Northern Piemonte (Alto Piemonte=upper Piemonte)
2) Western Piemonte and Torino Hills
3) Alba
4) Monferrato

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2
Q

Where is the Northern Piemonte sub-region located?

A

This sub-region includes the northernmost appellations of Piemonte. Most are situated in the provinces of Novara, Vercelli and Biella.

The wines are largely based on Nebbiolo and Erbaluce.

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3
Q

Where is the Western Piemonte and Torino Hills sub-region located?

A

It covers the western and mountainous part of Piemonte at the very foothills of the Alps, as well as the hills to the east of Torino. It includes minor appellations of local importance.

This is the smallest and least productive sub-region.

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4
Q

Where is the Alba sub-region located?

A

This sub-region surrounds the city of Alba in the eastern section of the province of Cuneo. It includes the hills of Langhe and Roero which flank the banks of the Tanaro River.

This is the traditional home of Nebbiolo, and it is where some of Italy’s greatest red wines are produced.

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5
Q

Where is the Monferrato sub-region located?

A

Monferrato is a large, hilly area in the province of Asti and Alessandria. It is situated to the south of the Po River and stretches down to the Ligurian Apennines.

This is the largest of the sub-regions and is considered the traditional home of Barbera and sparkling Moscato Bianco.

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6
Q

Which of Piemonte’s sub-regions is the smallest and least productive?

A

Western Piemonte and Torino Hills

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7
Q

Which of Piemonte’s sub-regions is the largest?

A

Monferrato

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8
Q

Which of Piemonte’s sub-regions is the traditional home of Nebbiolo?

A

Alba

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9
Q

Which of Piemonte’s sub-regions is the traditional home of Barbera and sparkling Bianco?

A

Monferrato

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10
Q

What is the Nebbiolo grape called in Northern Piemonte?

A

Spanna

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11
Q

What are the two wine districts in the sub-region Northern Piemonte?

A

-Novara and Vercelli Hills
-Canavese

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12
Q

How much of Piemonte’s total wine production does Northern Piemonte account for?

A

5%

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13
Q

Where is the Novara and Vercelli Hills wine district located?

A

These hills are in the very northeastern portion of Piemonte, bordering Lombardia. They are situated to the north of the cities of Novarra and Vercelli and are home to the prestigious Nebbiolo-based DOCG appellations of Gattinara and Ghemme.

They lie at altitudes between 650-1,600ft/200-500m.

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14
Q

Where is the Canavese wine district located?

A

This wine district surrounds the city of Ivrea, north of Torino. The Erbaluce di Caluso DOCG and the Carema DOC are located here.

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15
Q

What soils are found in the Novara and Vercelli Hills wine district?

A

Soils of glacial, marine, volcanic origin. These soils tend to be acidic and are composed of different proportions of sand, clay and gravel. Often, a layer of red, iron-rich clay is also present. The sub-soils are largely volcanic, containing igneous porphyry rocks and granite.

During the last ice age, the entire area was covered in glaciers. When these glaciers retreated, they left a series of moraines, which now form a topographical link between the Alps and the plains.

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16
Q

What topographical feature divides the Novara and Vercelli Hills wine district into two halves?

A

The Sesia river which flows from the Alps southward into the Po river. It separates the Vercelli province in the west from the Novara province in the east.

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17
Q

Name the 7 prominent appellations within the Novara and Vercelli Hills wine district.

A

On the west bank of the Sesia River, in the province of Vercelli and Biella:
-Gattinara DOCG
-Bramaterra DOC
-Lessona DOC

On the east bank of the Sesia River, in the province of Novara:
-Ghemme DOCG
-Boca DOC
-Sizzano DOC
-Fara DOC

There are also 2 large catch-all appellations:
-Colline Novaresi DOC (covering the entire east bank of the Sesia)
-Coste della Sesia DOC (encompassing the entire west bank)

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18
Q

What grapes are found in the Novara and Vercelli Hills wine district?

A

All seven appellations focus on Nebbiolo.

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19
Q

What is the climate in the Novara and Vercelli Hills wine district?

A

The climate is milder than the hot and humid Po plain to the south.
The proximity to Lake Maggiore and the smaller Lake Orta (to the north) help to moderate the climate as well.
The hills benefit from the cool air descending from the Alps and from the diurnal temperature swings.
For these reasons, Nebbiolo wines from this area have more acidity than their southern counterparts.

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20
Q

What are the challenges of growing Nebbiolo in the Novara and Vercelli Hills wine district?

A

Proximity to the Alps creates significant vintage variation. Growing the late-ripening Nebbiolo this far north and at such elevation is challenging. It is difficult to achieve full ripeness.

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21
Q

What winemaking technique has been incorporated in the Novara and Vercelli Hills wine district as a solution for cooler vintages?

A

Nebbiolo has been traditionally softened by blending it with a small proportion of other red grapes such as:
-Vespolina
-Croatina
-Uva Rara (locally called Bonarda Novarese)

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22
Q

What vine-training system is used in the Novara and Vercelli Hills wine district?

A

Traditionally, vines were trained using different types of pergola systems; today the great majority of vineyards are trained to Guyot.

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23
Q

The wines produced in Novara and Vercelli Hills had the best reputation in all of Piemonte until the end of the 19th century. How did they lose favour?

A

They were eclipsed by the Nebbiolo-based appellations to the south. Following the industrial boom during the 1950s-1960s and the declining demand for the wines of Northern Piemonte, vineyards were abandoned, but this is turning around. Thanks to a group of inspired producers. the area has been experiencing a 21st century renaissance.

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24
Q

Which DOCG from Northern Piemonte represents the best and longest-lived expression of Nebbiolo?

A

Gattinara DOCG

For a very long time, Gattinara was considered the most prestigious wine of Piemonte. The appellation suffered a long period of decline, but today, the best examples deserve the fine reputation they enjoyed in the past.

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25
How long have vines been planted in Gattinara?
Gattinara was planted to the vine long before the Romans arrived and the wines have been exported since the 14th century. In the 16th century, Cardinal Mercurino Arborio, a native of Gattinara, introduced the wines of his hometown to the Imperial Court of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. As a result, the wines acquired a fame that lasted until the end of the 19th century.
26
When was Gattinara elevated from DOC to DOCG?
1990; more by virtue of its ancient reputation than by the intrinsic quality of the wines at the time. However, huge qualitative leaps have been made in the last two decades. Today, Gattinara proudly leads Alto Piemonte's renaissance and produces some of the finest examples of Nebbiolo from this winegrowing area.
27
How much area in Gattinara remains under vine?
The area under vine remains small; about 250ac/100ha).
28
Where in Gattinara are vines planted?
Vineyards are planted on the steep hillsides behind the town of Gattinara to the north of the city of Vercelli on the Sesia River's west bank. By law, the vineyards must be planted exclusively on slopes with optimal exposure (facing west or southwest) at elevations of 800-1,800ft/250-550m.
29
What is the soil in Gattinara?
The soil is the result of the decomposition of the volcanic porphyritic sub-soil.
30
What natural conditions aid Gattinara in being the finest producer of Nebbiolo-based wines in northern Piemonte?
Exposure, altitude and soil mix. This makes it easier to ripen the grapes and explains its past (and presently climbing) reputation. Note: Because Gattinara enjoys these physiographic advantages, the required minimum proportion of Nebbiolo is higher here than it is in other neighboring Nebbiolo-based appellations.
31
Historically, the best vineyard parcels were well-known by growers and today several producers craft single-vineyard bottlings in Gattinara to celebrate these terroirs. Name some of the most prestigious.
-Osso San Grato -San Francesco -Castelle -Molsino -Valferana
32
How much Nebbiolo is required in a Gattinara wine?
Minimum 90% Nebbiolo. Authorized blending partners include (one or both; cannot excede 10% in total): -Vespolina (limited to 4%) -Uva Rare
33
What are the aging requirements of Gattinara wines?
The wines are austere and hard when young, For this reason, the disciplinare requires: -minimum of 35 months of total aging -minimum 24 months in oak Riservas require: -minimum 47 months of total aging -minimum 36 months in oak
34
How does Gattinara age in the bottle?
Gattinara benefits from longer bottle aging and tends to be slower maturing than other northern Nebbiolos. The best examples develop a silky texture with complex tertiary aromas.
35
What are the characteristics of Gattinara wines?
Gattinara shows the typical profile of Nebbiolo, with aromas of violet, bright red berry fruit, tar, spices, forest floor and leather. The wines are notoriously long-lived, thanks to the high tannin and acid levels. With bottle age, the best examples developp a silky texture with complex tertiary aromas.
36
How do Nebbiolos from Gattinara compare with those from Langhe?
Gattinara tends to show more acidity but lighter colour and body, and slightly lower alcohol levels.
37
Where is the Ghemme DOCG appellation located?
It is situated opposite of Gattinara, on the other side of the Sesia River. Ghemme is produced around the towns of Ghemme and Romagnolo Sesia, both within the province of Novara on the east bank of the Sesia River.
38
Which DOCG was historically overshadowed by the fame of its neighbor Gattinara, but enjoyed a fine reputation until the end of the 19th century?
Ghemme DOCG The appellation gradually fell into decline until Ghemme was granted DOCG status in 1997. From that moment forward, quality has steadily improved.
39
In Ghemme, how much area is under vine?
A small area; 125ac/50ha.
40
What are the soils like in Ghemme?
The soils here are mostly formed by alluvial and glacial deposits.
41
Where are vineyards planted in Ghemme?
By law, vineyards must be planted on hillsides at elevations between 720-1,300ft/220-400m above sea level.
42
What varietals are used to make Ghemme DOCG?
- Minimum 85% Nebbiolo - up to 15% Vespolina and/or Uva Rara can be add to a blend.
43
What are the aging requirements for Gemme DOCG?
-minimum 34 months -at least 18 months in oak Riservas: -minimum 46 months -minimum 24 months in oak
44
What are the characteristics of wines from Ghemme DOCG?
Like Gattinara, Ghemme is higher in acidity then Nebbiolos of the south. It also shares the same tannic structure, the ability to age, and the typical Nebbiolo flavour profile. The wines of Ghemme, however, tend to be more austere and sturdy. The wines need sufficient time in the bottle in order to mature and develop their complex bouquet.
45
Where are Lessona DOC and Bramaterra DOC located?
On the west bank of the Sesia, west of Gattinara.
46
What varietals are used in Lessona DOC?
Lessona is the only minor Nebbiolo-based DOC that can incorporate up to 100% Nebbiolo in its bottlings. -minimum 85% Nebbiolo -up to 15% Vespolina and/or Uva Rara
47
What are the soil types in Lessona DOC?
The soils are characterized by mineral-rich, acidic sands. The sub-soils are mostly composed of deposits of marine origin. Porphyritic rocks are also present.
48
What are the characteristics of wines from Lessona DOC?
The wines from this area have been acknowledged since the 17th century and are known for their unique savory and mineral character. Today, Lessona is considered one of Northern Piemonte's appellations with the greatest potential for the production of fine and elegant Nebbiolo-based wines.
49
Where is Bramaterra DOC?
Bramaterra is situated between Lessona and Gattinara.
50
What are the soil types in Bramaterra DOC?
Soils are composed of volcanic material and marine sands.
51
What varietals are permitted in Bramaterra DOC?
-50-80% Nebbiolo -up to 30% Croatina -up to 20% Vespolina and/or Uva Rara This blending formula makes the wines both light and approachable at an earlier age. Bramaterra is the only one of the 7 appellations in Northern Piemonte that allows Croatina in the blend.
52
Where is Boca DOC?
Boca is the northernmost of the seven Nebbiolo-based appellations and is the most prestigious of those on the east bank (after Ghemme).
53
What are the soil types in Boca DOC?
The soils are mostly composed of volcanic rocks.
54
What are the characteristics of wines from Boca DOC?
Boca is usually considered to be more structured and longer-lived than the other two minor, east-bank DOCs.
55
What varietals are permitted in Boca DOC?
-maximum 90% Nebbiolo (minimum 70%) -up to 30% Vespolina and/or Uva Rara
56
Where is Fara DOC?
Fara is the southernmost of the seven appellations of the Novara-Vercelli district in Piemonte.
57
What varietals are permitted in Fara DOC?
-50-70% Nebbiolo -up to 50% Vespolina and/or Uva Rara Along with Sizzano, Fara requires the least amoung of Nebbiolo of the appellations in Northern Piedmonte.
58
Where is Sizzano DOC located?
This appellation lies to the north of Fara DOC.
59
What are the varietals permitted in Sizzano DOC?
-50-70% Nebbiolo -up to 50% Vespolina and/or Uva Rara Along with Sizzano, Fara requires the least amoung of Nebbiolo of the appellations in Northern Piedmonte.
60
How are Fara DOC and Sizzano DOC similar?
They mirror in terms of grapes and wine style.
61
What are the minor appellations of Novara and Vercelli Hills?
-Valli Ossolane DOC -Colline Novaresi DOC -Coste della Sesia DOC
62
Where is Valli Ossolane DOC located?
It is the northernmost appellation in Piemonte. The vineyards lie along a north-south axis in the Val d'Ossola DOC (Ossola Valley) at the foothills of the Alps.
63
What styles of wine are produced in Valli Ossolane DOC?
-a red blend based on Nebbiolo, Croatina and Merlot -a white blend based on Chardonnay -a varietal Nebbiolo
64
Where is Colline Novaresi DOC located?
This appellation lies between the east bank of the Sesia River and the west bank of the Ticino River - two rivers that run parallel to each other en route to the Po.
65
What is the significance of Colline Novaresi DOC?
This zone of production encompasses all of the appellations on the east bank of the Sesia. It can be used as a fallback DOC for the appellations of the eastern bank. The appellations that fall under this DOC include: -Ghemme -Boca -Fara -Sizzano
66
What styles of wines are produced under Colline Novaresi DOC
Several wines are produced, including: -a red blend based on Nebbiolo -single varietals from: -Barbera -Croatina -Nebbiolo -Uva Rara -Vespolina -a white wine made from 100% Erbaluce (Colline Novaresi Bianco DOC)
67
Where is Coste della Sesia DOC located?
Coste della Sesia mirrors Colline Novaresi in scope but encomposses all of the appellations on the west bank of the Sesia.
68
What is the significance of Coste della Sesia DOC?
It serves as the fallback DOC for the appellations of western bank. These appellations include: -Gattinara -Lessona -Bramaterra
69
What styles of wine are produced in Coste della Sesia DOC?
The wines are similar to those produced in Colline Novaresi. -a red blend based on Nebbiolo -varietal wines from: -Nebbiolo -Croatina -Vespolina -a white wine made from 100% Erbaluce (Coste della Sesia Bianco DOC)
70
Where is Canavese?
The Canavese is an historic wine district in northern Piemonte at the foothills of the Alps. It is located to the west of the Vercelli and Novara hills, just south of Valle d'Aosta.
71
What topographical features contribute to the climate of Canavese?
The viticultural heart of the district is the Ivrea glacial moraine basin, named after Ivrea, the city that lies within it. The Dora Baltea River, on its journey from Valle d'Aosta towards the Po River, bisects the Canavese district from north to south. The Alps offer protection against cold north winds and provide the cool air masses that keep air circulating and created wide diurnal temperature swings.
72
How has Canavese managed in viticulture through the ages?
The wines produced in this district were once very prestigious. The first historical mentionss of the Nebbiolo-based reds made in Carema, and the Erbaluce-based sweet passito made in Caluso, date back to the Middle Ages. During the 20th century (particularly post-war era) vineyards were abandoned as people moved to nearby Ivrea in search of jobs. Only a few producers continued to work the land and keep the appellation alive. Thanks to their efforts, these wines have regained some of their old cachet and continue to receive attention from wine critics and consumers alike.
73
How is wine production in Canavese?
Although the number of producers and the volume of wine made is still quite small (particularly in Carema), the wines are now highly sought-after.
74
What is Carema DOC known for?
Carema is a tiny winegrowing area historically known for the small production of the classic and renowned Nebbiolo-based vino di montagna (mountain wine).
75
Where is Carema DOC located?
The DOC lies within the Dora Baltea Valley around the small town of Carema, situated in the northernmost part of the Canavese district, right on the border with Valle d'Aosta.
76
What is the climate in Carema DOC?
The cool climate, the Alpine landscape and the narrow strip of terraced vineyards make it more comparable to Valle d'Aosta than the rest of Piemonte.
77
Where are the vineyards planted in Carema DOC?
The vineyards are situated on terraces carved out of the rocky and precipitous slopes of the foothills of Mount Maletto. They face southwest at an altitude of 1,000-2,300ft/300-700m.
78
What is the soil type in Carema DOC?
The glacial deposits that form the topsoil lie over a sub-soil composed of metamorphic schist.
79
Originally, there was no suitable land for vines on the slopes of Carema. How was this dilemma overcome?
By constructing terraces sustained by dry stone retaining walls and by backfilling with soil carted up from the valley floor. As in all mountainous areas, viticulture is extremely labor intensive, but here, it is especially so. Only a fervent passion for wine and tradition keeps viticulture alive.
80
How are the vines trained in Carema DOC?
The vines are traditionally trained with a local pergola system (topia). The vine canopy grows along horizontal chestnut arms sustained by pillars (pillun) made of stones and mortar. The pergola system protects the vines against the strong winds that sweep through the Dora Baltea Valley. The stony terraces absorb heat during the day and radiate that warmth back to the vines at night. The pergola system, with its white pillars atop dry stony terraces, is proudly part of this dramatic landscape and contributes to the allure of the area.
81
What style of wine is produce in Carema DOC?
A red wine made from minimum 85% Nebbiolo.
82
What is the aging requirement for Carema DOC?
-minimum 2 years -minimum 1 year in wood Riserva: -minimum 3 years -minimum 1 year in wood
83
What are the characteristics of wine from Carema DOC?
The wines are known for their fragrant and delicate perfume of roses and violets, high acidity and a pronounced mineral character. The light body and lean structure are balanced by the refined bouquet.
84
How do vintage variation and weather conditions play a role in Carema?
In cooler or lesser years, Nebbiolo struggles to achieve an acceptable level of ripeness and the quantity of wine made falls from small to tiny. In such vintages, the high acidity, combined with the already lean structure, becomes problematic. The warmest vintages produce the best wines, with more balanced structure and long aging potential.
85
How does Erbaluce di Caluso DOCG compare to other DOCGs in Northern Piemonte historically?
Unlike other appellations in the north, this region has enjoyed the highest reputation among the whites of Piemonte with their sweet passito version of Erbaluce di Caluso. Similar to the other regions, they experienced the same decline during the 20th century. However, in recent years the appellation has rebounded and is once again crafting wines worth of their previous stature and renown - not only for traditional sweet style wine, but for dry whites as well.
86
When was Erbaluce di Caluso DOCG awarded DOCG status?
2010; The dry, varietal bottlings are among the most interesting dry whites of Piemonte today.
87
Where is Erbaluce di Caluso DOCG located?
The zone of production is situated south of Carema in the east central part of the Canavese district. It is contained entirely within the banks of the Ivrea glacial moraine between the city of Ivrea and the village of Caluso. The vineyards grow on gentle hills at an elevation of 650-1,600ft/200-500m and are predominantly clustered around the small lakes of Candi and Viverone.
88
What soil types are in Erbaluce di Caluso DOCG?
Acidic, sandy-gravel soils.
89
What is the only varietal used to produce wine in Erbaluce di Caluso DOCG?
Erbaluce; it has adapted well to the challenges of acidic, sandy-gravel soil.
90
What vine-training system is used in Erbaluce di Caluso DOCG?
Pergola
91
What styles of wine are produced in Erbaluce di Caluso DOCG?
-dry -sparkling (traditional method spumante) -passito Erbaluce's high acid levels make it extraodinarily suitable for the production of a balanced sweet wine.
92
What styles of passito wines are made in Erbaluce di Caluso DOCG?
The passito is made from air-dried grapes. There are two main styles of passito. 1) The traditional style is more amber in colour, slightly oxidized and very complex. 2) The modern style tends to show a golden colour, is more delicate and fruity, and is accompanied by a layer of new oak. The wines possess long aging potential.
93
What is the maturation period for passito wines in Erbaluce di Caluso DOCG?
-minimum 3 years Riserva: -minimum 4 years
94
When is Erbaluce harvested to produce dry wines?
Because the grape is so high in acid, they must be fully ripe when picked in order to obtain a balanced dry wine.
95
What are the characteristics of a dry white wine from Erbaluce di Caluso DOCG?
The best examples have bright acidity, minerality, attractive floral aromas (acacia and hawthorn), citrus, green apple and light herbaceous notes.
96
Where is the Canavese DOC located?
This sub-regional appellation covers the entire Canavese district and serves as the fallback DOC for the Erbaluce di Caluso DOCG and the Carema DOC.
97
What styles of wine are produced under Canavese DOC?
1) red blend* 2) rose blend* 3) varietal Erbaluce (labled bianco) 4) varietal Nebbiolo 5) varietal Barbera *based on Nebbiolo, Barbera, Uva Rara, Freisa and Neretto.
98
Where is the Western Piemonte located?
This sub-region lies in the western Alps of Piemonte within the provinces of Torino and Cuneo.
99
What are the DOCs found in Western Piemonte?
1) Colline Saluzzesi DOC 2) Pinerolese DOC 3) Valsusa DOC
100
Where is Colline Saluzzesi DOC located?
This is the southernmost DOC of western Piemonte and is entirely within the province of Cuneo. The appellation lies at the foothills of the Alps behind the town of Saluzzo.
101
What styles of wine are made in Colline Saluzzesi DOC?
-red blend based on: -Pelaverga Grosso -Nebbiolo -Barbera -Chatus -single-varietal wines made from: -Barbera -Chatus -Pelaverga Grosso -Quagliano
102
Where is Pinerolese DOC located?
The Pinerolese DOC is situated between the Colline Saluzzesi DOC (to the south) and the Valsusa DOC (to the north). The winegrowing area surrounds the town of Pinerolo.
103
What volume of wine is produced in Pinerolese DOC?
Volumetrically, the appellation is the largest of the three DOCs of western Piemonte.
104
What styles of wine are produced in Pinerolese DOC?
A wide range of wines that are light, fresh and moderate in alcohol. -red blend* -rose blend* -single-varietal -Barbera -Uva Rara -Freisa -Dolcetto -Doux d'Henry (rare) -red blend named Ramie made from obscure grapes: -Avana -Avarengo -Becuet -Chatus *Barbera, Uva Rara, Nebbiolo and Chatus
105
Where is Valsusa DOC located?
This appellation is west of Torino along the Dora Riparia River Valley. This is the northernmost DOC of western Piemonte and the smallest in terms of production. The winegrowing area lies at a higher altitude than the other two DOCs.
106
What style of wine is produced in Valsusa DOC?
-red blend -Avana -Barbera -Dolcetto -Neretta Cuneese
107
Where is Torino Hills located?
The vineyards of Torino Hills are situated on the right bank of the Po River on the southern and eastern outskirts of the city.
108
What is the soil type in Torino Hills?
Calcareous-marl
109
What are the appellations found in Torino Hills?
1) Collina Torinese DOC 2) Freisa di Chieri DOC
110
What styles of wine are produced in Collina Torinese DOC?
Varietal wines from: -Barbera -Uva Rara -Malvasia (di Schierano and/or Nera Lunga) -Pelaverga Grosso A red Barbera/Freisa blend. Barbera and Pelaverga Grosso are considered the most distinctive wines of this appellation. Pelaverga Grosso can only be produced from a more redistricted area and is usually made in a sweet style.
111
What styles of wine are produced in Freisa di Chieri DOC?
Freisa is a traditional variety grown in this area. it forms the backbone (90%) of this DOC's red blend. The wines can be produced in several styles: -dry -sweet -frizzante -spumante
112
Where in Freisa di Chieri DOC are the vineyards located?
Vineyards are clustered around the town of Chieri. (Hence the name)

Italian Wine Scholar: Northern Italy (21 decks)

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