Piemonte: Alba Flashcards
1
Q
Where is the Alba sub-region located?
A
The sub-region lies in southern Piemonte within the eastern section of the province of Cuneo. It includes the hills of Langhe and Roero. The Tanaro River, which flows north from the western Ligurian Apennines into the Po River, separates the Roero hills on the left bank (to the north) from the Langhe hills on its right bank (to the south).
Whereas the Roero Hills are low-rising and steeply sloped, the Langhe Hillls are higher in elevation with more gradual slopes.
2
Q
Where is the city of Alba located?
A
Situated between the Langhe and Roero wine districts, it is traditionally considered to be part of Langhe. The city lies (for the most part) on the right bank (south of) of the Tanaro River.
3
Q
How is Alba’s historic and viticultural importance evident?
A
By the number of communes (Diano d’Alba & Serralunga d’Alba) and appellations (Dolcetto d’Alba & Nebbiolo d’Alba DOCs) that have been named after it.
4
Q
Alba is a renowned culinary center and considered among Italy’s best. What foods is it well-known for?
A
-hazelnuts (where Nutella was invented)
-precious white truffles
-strong chocolate tradition
5
Q
What areas in Alba were added to UNESCO’s World Heritage Site list?
A
The hills of:
-Langhe (2014)
-Roero (2014)
Official name: “Vineyard Landscape of Piemont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato”
Note: Monferrato was also added
6
Q
What is the climate in Alba?
A
Moderately continental with cold winters and warm, dry summers.
7
Q
How do the hills influence the climate in Alba?
A
The hills benefit from an advantageous diurnal temperature swing that favours aromatic development and acid retention.
8
Q
What is the weather like in Alba?
A
Summer rainstorms and hail can affect the last stage of the ripening process and create significant vintage variation.
Autumns are generally foggy and mild, granting late-ripening grapes, such as Nebbiolo, and extension of the growing season well int October.
During winter, snow often blankets the hills.
The average annual rainfall is 20-30in/500-800mm and is higher in the south than it is in the north.
9
Q
How does the Tanaro River influence the climate in Alba?
A
The vineyards flanking the Tanaro River benefit from its moderating influence.
10
Q
How do the mountains influence the climate in Alba?
A
To the south of Langhe, the Maritime Alps in the west meet the Ligurian Apennines in the east. Although both ranges reduce the amount of maritime air blowing inland from the Ligurian Sea, some warm air still manages to reach the Langhe and Roero Hills helping to offset the cool air coming down off of the Alps from the west.
11
Q
What are the soil types in Langhe (Alba)?
A
The soils in Langhe were formed 15 million years ago and are largely composed of compact calcareous marls, known locally as terre bianche (white soils), and sandstone.
12
Q
What are the soil types in Roero (Alba)?
A
The soils in Roero are more recent than Langhe’s, dating back to only 5 million years ago. They are softer, sandier and rich in marine fossils.
13
Q
What characteristic of the soils in Langhe and Roero Hills can be problematic?
A
The soils of both areas have few pebbles or stones. Consequently, erosion can be a recurrent issue on the steeper inclines.
14
Q
What features in Alba contribute to an overall macro-climate ideally suited to the vine?
A
-variations in soil composition
-south-facing slopes
-moderate continental climate
Note: there are also a host of different meso-climates that yield distinctive wines - even when made from the same grape.
15
Q
What is the overall climate in Alba?
A
Moderate continental; influenced by both cool Alpine air and warm sea air currents stretching up from the south.
16
Q
What vine-training methods are used in Alba?
A
-Guyot
-Cordon spur-pruning
(both, since the second half of the 19th century)
17
Q
How are vineyards in Alba harvested?
A
Because vineyards are restricted to just hillsides, both pruning and harvest are largely carried out by hand.
18
Q
How does the Nebbiolo variety fair in Alba compared to northern regions?
A
In Alba, Nebbiolo benefits from milder conditions than in northern Piemonte. Therefore the grapes in this area achieve ripeness more consistently resulting in wines that are bigger, fuller in body and higher in alcohol than those further north such as Gattinara and Ghemme.
19
Q
How many appellations are there in Langhe and Roero?
A
12 appellations; many of these geographical zones of production partly, or fully overlap
20
Q
What are the classic grape varieties grown in Alba (Langhe & Roero)?
A
-Nebbiolo
-Barbera
-Dolcetto
21
Q
What does Langhe mean?
A
It is believed that the word “Langhe refers to “tongues” (of land) which describes the shape of the hills characterizing this historic winegrowing region. These groups of elongated hills run parallel to each other and are separated by deep, narrow valleys.
22
Q
What is Langa?
A
The name for Langhe in local Piemontese dialect.
23
Q
The Langhe boasts of Italy’s highest concentrations of vineyards and wineries. What varieties is Langhe well-known for?
A
-Nebbiolo (classic home)
-Barbera
-Dolcetto
-Moscato Bianco
24
Q
How does Langhe Hills compare to Burgundy?
A
The wine philosophy in each region have parallels.
In both:
-growers place an importance on village origin, single-vineyard wines and estate bottling.
-vineyards are planted on slopes divided into tiny parcels and owned by multiple growers.
-scale of production is small
-tremendous diversity of terroir
Nebbiolo vs. Pinot Nero:
-viticulture is about subtle variations of altitude, exposure, and soil
-Like Pinot Nero, Nebbiolo expresses nuances of specific terroirs
25
How are the Langhe Hills generally divided and what are those divisions called?
-Alta Langa (Higher Langhe)
-Bassa Langa (Lower Langhe)
These areas reference the altitude of the hills, which increase as they spread south.
The town of Monforte d'Alba is generally considered the point of separation between Higher and Lower Langhe.
South of Monforte d'Alba, the climate becomes cooler. This area is less suitable for Nebbiolo but appropriate for Dolcetto.
26
How is the overall climate of Langhe Hills moderated?
The Tanaro River and its air currents that travel through the river valley providing ventilation in summer and mists in autumn - both important elements to ensure the slow ripening of the grapes.
27
What are the most widely planted grape varieties in Langhe Hills?
-Nebbiolo
-Dolcetto
-Barbera
-Moscato Bianco
-Pelaverga
-Freisa
-Favorita
-Nascetta
28
Where in Langhe Hills are Nebbiolo vines planted?
Only on the best sites, positioned in the middle of south-facing slopes. (Nebbiolo is a challenging grape to grow & requires the best sites)
The top and bottom portions of slopes, as well as east and west aspects of hills are normally planted to Dolcetto or Barbera.
Dolcetto, which is early-ripening, is planted on the highest and coolest sites where neither Nebbiolo nor Barbera would fully ripen.
29
What international varieties are permitted in Langhe Hills and which appellations may they use?
International varieties account for a tiny proportion of the plantings and can only be used under the sub-regional appellation Langhe DOC.
-Chardonnay (most widely planted)
-Merlot
-Cabernet Sauvignon
-Sauvignon Blanc
30
What are the Nebbiolo-based appellations of Langhe Hills?
1) Barolo DOCG
2) Barbaresco DOCG
3) Nebbiolo d'Alba DOC
4) Alba DOC
31
Which appellation produces one of Italy's greatest wines and is considered to deliver the highest and most powerful expression of the Nebbiolo grape?
Barolo DOCG
32
Who are Giulia Falleti, Camillo Benso, and Oudart? What part did they play in the development of Barolo?
Giulia Falleti was the last Marquise of Barolo.
Camillo Benso was the Count of Cavour, one of the leading figures of the Italian unification during the 19th century. In 1861, he became Italy's first Prime Minister.
Oudart was a French enologist.
The reds wines are believed to have once been deliberately made to be sweet. These people had Barolo wine finished dry around the mid-1800s.
33
What were the likely influences on Barolo wine containing residual sugar prior to the 1850s?
-the late-ripening nature of Nebbiolo
-Nebbiolo's high sugar levels at harvest
-incomplete fermentation due to early onset of winter cold.
34
What are the current theories explaining the creation of a dry-styled Barolo in the 1830s-1840s?
Camillo Benso (Count of Cavour & later 1st Prime Minister of Italy) worked with Paolo Francesco Staglieno (an Italian enologist & former military general) to avoid stuck fermentations by using closed vats and improving cellar hygiene.
35
How did Barolo become famous after its transition to a dry style?
Giulia Falletti, Marquise of Barolo, produced dry red wines at her Barolo estate and she introduced these wines to the aristocratic circles of Torino. The wines attracted the interest and attention of the Savoyard royal family who acquired winemaking estates in the Barolo area themselves (notably Verduno and Serralunga d'Alba, where Fontanafredda is still active).
36
What does "re dei vini e vino dei re" mean?
"King of wines and wine of kings." It refers to the international recognition of Barolo. These wines were so prized that they became liquid ambassadors for the House of Savoy among the royal courts of Europe.
37
Where is Barolo DOCG located?
It is situated in the northwestern part of Langhe, on the right bank of the Tanaro (south of) where the river makes a 90 degree turn east. Alba lies just a few miles to the northeast of Barolo, separating it from Barbaresco.
38
How big is Barolo DOCG?
The appellation is approx. 7mi/11kmm long and 5mi/8km wide at its widest point.
To make up for its small size, it is rather densely planted - with more than 4,447ac/1,800ha under vine.
39
What varietals are permitted in Barolo DOCG?
100% Nebbiolo
Only from the strictly delimited hills surrounding 11 towns.
40
By law, which entire communes are entitled to make Barolo DOCG?
1) Barolo
2) Castiglione Falleto
3) Serralunga d'Alba
41
Which communes of Barolo DOCG have more restricted areas surrounding them?
1) Monforte d'Alba
2) La Morra
3) Novello
4) Verduno
5) Grinzane Cavour
6) Diano d'Alba
7) Cherasco
8) Roddi
42
Which 5 towns in Barolo DOCG are the most well-known and are considered the most significant?
1) La Morra
2) Barolo
3) Castiglione Falleto
4) Monforte d'Alba
5) Serralunga d'Alba
Almost 90% of the Barolo DOCG appellation surrounds these 5 villages.
43
What is Bricco and Sori?
Bricco (or Bric) is a superior site on the higher part of the hill.
Sori is a well-exposed, sunny site.
In Barolo, Barbaresco, Langhe and Roero, the best vineyard sites are often called Bricco or Sori.
44
Where in Barolo DOCG are vineyards located?
According to the the disciplinare, vineyards in Barolo must lie at an elevation between 550-1,800ft/170-540m.
In practice, most Nebbiolo tends to be planted mid-slope, at the lower end of the permitted altitude range in order to achieve full ripeness.
45
What are the soil types in Barolo DOCG?
The soils are the result of two different geological ages:
1) the younger Tortonian
-covers roughly the western half of Barolo & small parts of the eastern portion.
-composed of calcareous marls that are more fertile & compact than Serravalian.
-vineyards of La Morra & Barolo are found on this soil.
-wines are likely to be more perfumed, elegant, fruitier & softer - maturing relatively rapidly.
2) the older Serravallian (previously known as Helvetian)
-mainly composed of sandstone, silty marls & sand
-poorer, less compact & less fertile than Tortonian
-vineyards of Monforte d'Alba, Serralunga d'Alba & part of Castiglione Falletto on this soil
-wines show more power & depth & are fuller in body, more robust and structured. Notably longer-lived, requiring more time in bottle.
46
How was the great majority of Barolo traditionally made?
It was produced by merchants (commercianti) and was often made by blending wines from different vineyards and/or different communes.
Advantage: maintaining a consistent style vintage after vintage.
Disadvantage: it concealed the individuality of each vineyard site.
47
When did estate-bottling become more widespread in Barolo? What discovery did this practice allow for?
1960s and 1970s.
As single-vineyards bottlings appeared more and more often it provided increased evidence that different vineyards or zones produced wines with unique profiles, showing nuances that were specific to those sites.
48
When did Barolo's superior sites (crus) become acknowledged and recognized among growers and wine merchants alike?
Since the 19th century. Grapes from these sites normally commanded higher prices.
49
According to local wisdom in Barolo, how are the best vineyard sites known?
The best sites were known as the places where the snow melted first.
50
What is the menzioni geografiche aggiuntive or MGA (additional geographic designations)
It is a list of delimited vineyard areas allowed to appear on the Barolo label. It was created by the Barolo Consorzio in the cooperation with the province of Cuneo and the various Barolo villages. This was intended to regulate the use of vineyard and zonal names historically known to produce wines of distinction.
Note: these designations do not represent a quality pyramid among the different MGAs - it is not a classification system.
51
How many geographical designations are there in Barolo?
181 geographical designations
-11 of which are communal
Note: wines may be labeled with one of the geographical designations provided the fruit comes from the stated designation.
52
Name some of the most well-known sites of geographical designation in Barolo.
1) Brunate
2) Bussia
3) Cannubi
4) Cerequio
5) Francia
6) Ginestra
7) Monprivato
8) Rocche dell'Annunziata
9) Rocche di Castiglione
10) Sarmassa
11) Vigna Rionda
12) Villero
Note: These are only 12 of the 181 geographical designations.
53
Which appellations are probably the most carefully vineyard-charted locals of Italy?
-Barolo
-Barbaresco
54
How was Barolo produced up until the 1970s?
The wines were given long macerations (up to 1-2 months) and extended aging (commonly 4+ years) in large, neutral old Slavonian oak or chestnut casks (botti). The long maturation in wood was necessary to soften the harsh tannins extracted through the prolonged macerations. But,these extended macerations also increased the risk of losing the delicate varietal character of Nebbiolo.
The resulting wines were austere and tannic when young and were approachable only after considerable additional bottle aging (sometimes decades).
55
What style of wine was produced after winemaking practices in Barolo were revamped in the 1980s?
The more "modern" style of wines were fruity-driven and approachable upon release. They boasted softer tannins, more concentration and noticeably more oak.
56
Who are the Barolo Boys?
They were a group of young producers in the early 1980s that strongly believed in the need to modernize the wines of Barolo. They began to experiment with a more approachable style.
57
What style of Barolo is being produced today?
Many producers are now making a style that falls between the two poles of tradionalist and modernist, with a more subtle approach and more judicious use of oak.
The aim is to enhance the character of Nebbiolo, while also managing its tannic and acidic nature through the use of both traditional and modern techniques.
58
What are the characteristics of wines produced in Barolo DOCG?
Barolo is usually never deep in colour; it ranges from light ruby to garnet and acquires a brick-orange hue over time.
The wines boast intense and complex aromas of flowers (rose & violet), fresh red berries, cherries, tar and earth.
This all evolves over time into more refined aromas of dried fruit, dried flowers, spices (nutmeg, cinnamon) and mint, coupled with layers of leather, tobacco, gamey-meaty notes, licorice and white truffles.
The palate shows concentration, dense texture, full body and Nebbiolo's notorious acid-tannin core.
It usually needs time in bottle to smooth, soften and reach perfect balance. Barolo is very long-lasting. Some may be enjoyed after a few years in bottle, but most benefit enormously from extended bottle age - developing great tertiary and ethereal complexity.
59
What are the aging requirements of Barolo DOCG?
-Minimum 38 months
-Minimum 18 months in oak
Riserva:
-Minimum 62 months
-Minimum 18 months in oak
60
What is Barolo Chinato?
It is a rare aromatized and fortified wine that is a local specialty of the Barolo area. Quinine, aromatic herbs, spices are added to a base wine made entirely of Barolo.
It is usually drunk as a digestif or paired with dark chocolate.
It's production falls within the Barolo DOCG appellation.
61
How long have local growers been producing wines from Nebbiolo in the area of Barbaresco?
Since the 18th century. However the wines were not associated with the name of the village. Prior to the 1890s, the grapes from Barbaresco were often used for the production of Barolo.
62
Who is Domizio Cavazzo?
Domizio Cavazzo was the director of the Royal School of Enology of Alba. In 1894, he acquired the castle of Barbaresco (including the surrounding vineyards) and founded the first cooperative in Barbaresco. Then on, wines were officially called Barbaresco and they slowly acquired their own identity. Barbaresco remained in the shadow of Barolo for several more decades.
63
Who is Angelo Gaja?
He was a wine producer who, together with Giacosa (another wine producer), demonstrated the real potential of Barbaresco in the late 1950s and early 1960s. He is credited for transforming Barbaresco from a wine of local renown to a world-class wine with cult status. He was also instrumental in raising the image of Italian wines in general.
64
Where is Barbaresco DOCG located?
It is on the right bank of the Tanaro River (south of), to the east and northeast of Alba.
Vineyards are grown on the hillsides surrounding the entire communes of Barbaresco, Neive and Treiso and a small hilly section surrounding the hamlet of San Rocco Sen d'Elvio.
65
What varietal(s) are used to produce Barbaresco DOCG?
100% Nebbiolo
Note: Vineyards in Barbaresco are all Nebbiolo.
66
Which of the communes in Barbaresco DOCG account for the majority of overall production?
Barbaresco; many of the best sites, and the most prestigious producers, are found here. 100% of plantings are Nebbiolo.
67
Which varietals are found in the Neive commune of Barbaresco DOCG?
Fewer plantings dedicated to Nebbiolo than Barbaresco. It focuses instead on Dolcetto, Barbera and Moscato Bianco (particularly renowned for Neive).
68
Which varietals are found in the Treiso commune of Barbaresco DOCG?
This commune lies south of the town of Barbaresco and whose hills are higher in altitude, grows less Nebbiolo, in favour of Dolcetto, due to the cooler meso-climate.
69
Which commune in Barbaresco DOCG is particularly renowned for their Moscato Bianco?
Neive
70
Where are vineyards located in Barbaresco?
They lie on hills that are approximately 160ft/50m lower than those in Barolo.
Nebbiolo is planted on the middle of south-facing slopes, between 500-1,150ft/150-350m in altitude, in order to maximize ripeness.
71
What soil types are found in Barbaresco DOCG?
Mostly belonging to the geological Tortonian formation, characterized by mostly calcareous marls, similar to those found in the western part of Barolo, but with alternating layers of sand.
72
How does the ripeness of grapes from Barbaresco compare to those of Barolo?
The Barbaresco winegrowing area is closer to the Tanaro River Valley than Barolo. This proximity makes the area slightly warmer. As a result, Nebbiolo tends to ripen earlier in Barbaresco than in Barolo - and often more consistently.
73
How do the wines in Barbaresco and Barolo compare in regards to location or climate?
The soils, altitudes and exposures of Barbaresco are similar to those found in Barolo but are generally more homogeneous. For this reason, there are not pronounced differences between wines made in the different areas of this appellation.
(Ergo, Barolos can vary more by area & Barbarescos are more similar)
74
What are the aging requirements for Barbaresco DOCG?
-minimum 26 months
-minimum 9 months in oak
Riserva:
-minimum 50 months
-minimum 9 months in oak
Note: the wines greatly benefit from bottle aging.
75
Historically, how has Barbaresco compared to Barolo in regards to alcohol and structure?
The style of Barbaresco was lighter, less alcoholic and less structured than Barolo. The disciplinare requirements followed that tradition, mandating shorter aging requirements and a slightly lower minimum potential alcohol than for Barolo (12.5% vs 13% abv).
Note: Today, many Barbarescos are in fact as high in alcohol and as structured as Barolos.
76
When did single-vineyard bottlings become a phenomenon in Barbaresco DOCG?
They first started to appear in the 1960s and became more widespread from the 1980s onward.
In an attempt to regulate the use of specific sites or vineyard names on labels, the consorzio introduced the menzioni geografiche aggiuntive or MGA (additional geographic designation) in 2007, prior to the use of MGAs in Barolo.
77
How many geographic designations (MGAs) are officially recognized in Barbaresco DOCG?
66
78
Name the most well-known MGAs in Barbaresco DOCG.
1) Asili
2) Basarin
3) Gallina
4) Martinenga
5) Montefico
6) Montestefano
7) Ovello
8) Pajore
9) Pora
10) Rabaja
79
How is the transition from traditional to modern winemaking in Barbaresco DOCG similar to that in Barolo DOCG?
Like Barolo, traditional Barbaresco was made with long macerations and extended aging in large, neutral casks.
This changed during the late 1970s when Gaja and other producers adopted shorter maceration periods and shorter aging stints in new, small, French oak barrels.
The modern style was criticized by traditionalists but the shift in style greatly contributed to Barbarescos rise in prestige.
Today, similar to Barolo, both traditional and modern wine styles are made in Barbaresco, with many producers craftig wines that fall somewhere in the middle.
80
While Barbaresco and Barolo have many similarities, slight differences do exist. What are they?
Barbaresco is commonly considered a bit lighter, less powerful, less structured and more approachable than Barolo. It is often described as being more elegant and refined, and slightly faster maturing, all the while demonstrating the floral-earthy-tar character, high acidity and firm tannins that are benchmark Nebbiolo.
While Barolo shows more power, Barbaresco very often shows greater finesse and consistency of quality and style.
81
When were Barolo & Barbaresco both made DOCs? When were they both elevated to DOCG?
DOC (1966)
DOCG (1980); among the first in Italy
82
How does the production volume of Barolo DOCG compare to that of Barbaresco DOCG?
Barolo has approx. 3 times the area under vine as Barbaresco and it produces about 3 times as much.
Note: several producers own vineyards in both appellations and make both wines.
83
Where is Nebbiolo d'Alba DOC located?
This appellation incorporates more than 30 communes on both banks of the Tanaro River. It includes the hills of Roero, the area around Alba, and a strip of land between Barolo and Barbaresco that runs from Alba south to Monforte d'Alba.
This excludes the Barolo and Barbaresco zones of production.
Note: this is a 100% Nebbiolo-based appellation.
84
Can producers in Barolo or Barbaresco use the Nebbiolo d'Alba DOC?
No. If they opt to declassify, they have to use the Langhe Nebbiolo DOC instead.
85
Where has the majority of the grapes used to produce Nebbiolo d'Alba DOC historically hailed from?
In the past, much of the Nebbiolo came from the hills of Roero.
However, with the introduction of the Roero DOC in 1985 (now a DOCG), most producers in Roero have adopted the more prestigious Roero DOCG for their Nebbiolo-based wines.
86
What are the aging requirements for Nebbiolo d'Alba DOC ?
-Minimum 1 year
Superiore:
-Minimum 18 months
-minimum 6 months in oak
87
Other than a still red, what style of wine is produced in Nebbiolo d'Alba DOC ?
Spumante
-red
-rose
88
What are the characteristics of wines from Nebbiolo d'Alba DOC ?
They are a lighter, less austere and less structured version of Nebbiolo, but it is still redolent of the classic aromas of red flowers and fruits, combined with a light and pleasant tarry note. It offers a more approachable and less expensive version of Nebbiolo.
89
Where is Alba DOC located?
The appellation lies on both banks of the Tanaro River encompassing the hills of Roero as well as a large portion of the hills on the right bank - including most of Barolo and Barbaresco.
90
When was Alba DOC approved?
2010; it is one of the more recent appellations to be approved in the sub-region.
91
What varietals are used in the production of Alba DOC?
-70-85% Nebbiolo
-15-30% Barbera
-maximum 5% of other permitted red grapes
The structure and austerity of Nebbiolo is mitigated by the fruit and approachability provided by Barbera. This appellation has not been widely adopted and production is small.
92
What are the Dolcetto-based appellations of Langhe Hills?
1) Dogliani DOCG
2) Dolcetto di Diano d'Alba (or Diano d'Alba) DOCG
3) Dolcetto d'Alba DOC
93
What is the typical Dolcetto wine profile?
Ripe black fruit, licorice, moderate acidity, mouth-filling body, smooth texture and a bitter-sweet finish.
94
How is it that Dolcetto is considered the fist step when climbing up the Langhe wine ladder?
-Dolcetto ripens first (before Barbera and Nebbiolo)
-First wine to be released
-Earliest to mature
-Generally first wine served during the traditional multi-course Albese (from Alba) meals (served with the local antipasti).
95
Where is Dogliani DOCG located?
Dogliani is a village in the middle of the western Langhe, on the right bank of the Tanaro River (south of). The area is still quite pastoral today - a melange of forests, sheep pastures and vineyards.
The zone of production is situated just to the south of the Barolo appellation in the southwestern part of Langhe.
The Tanaro River runs through the entire length of the appellation (from south to north) and vineyards are planted on both banks of the river.
96
Which commune proudly considers itself the capital of Dolcetto?
Dogliani
97
What was Dogliani DOCG called before 2011?
Dolcetto di Dogliani DOCG. The grape was dropped from the name.
98
What soil types are found in Dogliani DOCG?
Layers of sandstone interspersed with marl.
99
The wine region of Dogliani forms a link between which two areas?
The northern Lower Langhe (Bassa Langa), where Barolo and Barbaresco are situated, and the southern Higher Langhe (Alta Langa), where hazelnut tress and sheep are more common than vines.
This more southern position, close to the Ligurian Appenines and the Maritime Alps, manifests as cooler temperatures, which are suitable for Dolcetto.
100
What varietal(s) are used in the production of Dogliani DOCG?
100% Dolcetto
101
What are the requirements for the superiore version of Dogliani DOCG wines?
-produced from lower maximum yields
-higher minimum potential alcohol
-aged minimum 1 year
102
Which appellation is considered the most prestigious of the Dolcetto wines?
Dogliani; It is the most complex, concentrated and age-worthy, particularly when bottled as superiore.
The finest examples are often made from single vineyards.
103
What are the characteristics of wines from Dogliani DOCG?
The wines show deep colour with purple highlights and aromas of flowers and black fruit.
The palate has moderate acidity, ample tannic structure and a pleasant bitter finish.
104
Where is Dolcetto Diano d'Alba DOCG located?
Diano d'Alba is a small hilltop village south of Alba and east of Barolo appellation. The hillside vineyards surrounding the village from the appellation.
105
What varietal(s) are used in the production of Dolcetto Diano d'Alba DOCG?
100% Dolcetto; grown exclusively on the better-exposed hillsides.
Dolcetto has been growing here for centuries and the village's name is strongly connected to the variety.
106
What soil types are found in Dolcetto Diano d'Alba DOCG?
The soils are predominantly composed of whitish sandstone.
107
What is Sori in the Diano d'Alba DOCG and how many are there?
Sori are cru sites that have been historically considered the best within the appellation. There are 76 sori and they were officially registered in the 1980s.
This represents Italy's first attempt to acknowledge sites of superior quality and served as a model for neighboring appellations (e.g. Barolo & Barbaresco).
In 2010, the 76 sori were included within the disciplinare as MGA and can now be used on labels.
108
What are the characteristics of Dolcetto Diano d'Alba DOCG?
The aromas and flavors are similar to Dogliani, however the wines are generally more fragrant and fruity, but slightly less structured and lower in alcohol.
109
What are the requirements for the superiore version of Dolcetto Diano d'Alba DOCG?
-higher minimum potential alcohol
-aged minimum 10 months
110
Which of the Dolcetto appellations is probably the best known and produces the most wine?
Dolcetto d'Alba DOC
111
Which of the Dolcetto producing appellations is the most diverse in style?
Dolcetto d'Alba DOC; due to large production and numerous producers.
It includes:
-fruity and light wines
-full-bodied and structured
-some of the most substantial and serious Dolcettos
Note: many producers of Barolo & Barbaresco also make Dolcetto d'Alba.
112
Where is Dolcetto d'Alba DOC located?
The hilly area of Dolcetto d'Alba is on the right bank of the Tanaro River and encompasses the entire Lower Langhe. It includes the areas of Barolo and Barbaresco and the land between them.
The appellation extends east to the Belbo River Valley and south to the town of Cortemilia.
113
Where are vineyards planted in Dolcetto d'Alba DOC?
Exclusively on hillsides.
Dolcetto takes the marginal (cooler, higher) sites where Nebbiolo or Barbera do not ripen well.
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What soil types are found in Dolcetto d'Alba DOC?
Layers of calcareous marl, sandstone and sand.
115
Which 2 specific areas in Dolcetto d'Alba DOC are particularly well-known for their wines?
1) The combined area of Barolo & Barbaresco produces bigger Dolcettos, with more structure.
2) The land running east from Alba towards the Belbo Valley produces lighter and more elegant wines from the variety.
116
What varietal(s) are used in Dolcetto d'Alba DOC?
100% Dolcetto
117
What are the requirements for the superiore version of Dolcetto d'Alba DOC?
-must have higher minimum potential alcohol
-aged for min. 1 year
118
What are the other appellations of Langhe Hills? (other than the Nebbiolo & Dolcetto dominant ones)
1) Barbera d'Alba DOC
2) Langhe DOC
3) Verduno Pelaverga (or Verduno) DOC
4) Alta Langa DOCG
119
What grape is the Barbera d'Alba DOC based on?
Barbera
120
How has Barbera d'Alba DOC shown considerable dynamism in terms of style and quality over the past few decades?
Improvements in the vineyard
-lower yields
-harvest at peak ripeness
Improvements in the winery
-greater attention
-introduction of oak aging
These advancements have shown that Barbera has potential for producing fine wines with a surprising affinity for new oak.
121
Where is Barbera d'Alba DOC located?
It extends to both sides of the Tanaro River.
On the right bank, the zone of production almost completely corresponds to the Lower Langhe (including Barolo & Barbaresco).
On the left bank, the DOC includes the hills of Roero.
122
Where are Barbera d'Alba DOC vineyards planted?
On hillsides, usually on sites where Nebbiolo is not capable of ripening.
123
What types of soils are found in Barbera d'Alba DOC?
Layers of calcareous marls, sandstone and sand.
124
What varietal(s) are permitted in Barbera d'Alba DOC?
The disciplinare mandates:
-minimum 85% Barbera
-maximum 15% Nebbiolo
In practice, the majority of Barbera d'Alba is 100% Barbera.
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What are the requirements for the superiore version of Barbera d'Alba DOC?
-min. 12 months aging
-min. 4 months in oak
126
How are wines from Barbera d'Alba DOC aged?
Although some producers use stainless steel or large casks, many age Barbera in small, new oak barrels to add extra complexity and tame the wine's fierce acidity.
127
What are the characteristics of Barbera d'Alba DOC?
Deep ruby-purple in colour.
It is rich, earthy and spicy with intense red fruits.
Left bank versions are usually more approachable and refined.
Right bank versions are usually bigger, richer, more structured and more suitable for oak aging.
128
What is the aging potential of Barbera d'Alba DOC?
Medium-term aging potential, although the best examples can age longer. It is usually considered among the longest-lived of the Barbera DOCs.
129
What is Barbera d'Alba Baroleggia?
This means Barbera d'Alba develops a flavour profile similar to Barolo with bottle age, with aromas of earth, leather and tobacco.
130
Which of the finest Nebbiolo producing regions also produce some of the best Barberas?
Barolo & Barbaresco; many producers of these wines also make Barbera. The grape is highly respected in this area and is capable of producing very fine wines.
131
What areas are covered under the Langhe DOC appellation?
This broad, catch-all appellation covers the entire sub-region of Alba. It includes the districts of Langhe and Roero as well as more than 90 communes within the province of Cuneo. It was approved in 1994.
132
What grape varieties does Langhe DOC encompass?
A wide range. This DOC was introduced to allow for the blending of quality grapes from different areas of Langhe and Roero in addition to permitting native and international grapes not allowed under any of the other appellations.
133
How do producers benefit from the Langhe DOC?
It is a more flexible appellation with less stringent production requirements. Producers can use this DOC as a fallback appellation for wines produced outside of the strict rules established by the various DOC/Gs.
Prior to its creation, these wines would have had to be declassified to Vino da Tavola (table wine), since there are no IGTs in Piemonte.
134
What styles of wine are produced under Langhe DOC?
The appellation includes simple, easy-drinking wines, as well as more serious, ambitious and age-worthy versions that command premium prices.
Thanks to the flexible regulations, this is currently one of Langhe's most dynamic appellations.
Langhe DOC also allows for:
-rosato
-passito
135
What native grapes are used under Langhe DOC?
Local varieties:
-Nebbiolo
-Barbera
-Dolcetto
-Arneis
Less common Piemontese grapes:
-Favorita
-Freisa
-Nascetta
136
What international grapes are used under Langhe DOC?
-Chardonnay
-Sauvignon Blanc
-Riesling
-Cabernet Sauvignon
-Merlot
-Pinot Nero
137
What are the requirements for varietal wines from Langhe DOC?
Must include 85% of the stated variety.
The most interesting include:
-Nebbiolo
-Dolcetto
-Arneis
-Chardonnay
138
How is Langhe Nebbiolo DOC important for Barolo and Barbaresco producers?
They can use this DOC to release more approachable expressions of Nebbiolo earlier than the minimum aging periods required by their respective DOCGs.
It is also used to make Nebbiolo-based wines under less restrictive rules.
For example, a Barolo producer could use the Langhe Nebbiolo DOC in order to blend up to 15% Barbera or Cabernet Sauvignon with Nebbiolo and mature the wine in new oak for only 12 months (versus min. 18) - practices not allowed under the Barolo DOCG.
139
How does Langhe DOC allow for creativity with producers?
With fewer restrictions producers are free to be creative with red and white blends. These represent some of the most interesting wines produced in the Langhe today. They include high-quality bottlings (sometimes single-vineyard), usually produced in a modern style employing international grapes and small new oak barrels.
140
How are red and white blends labeled in Langhe DOC?
With Langhe DOC, without a rosso or bianco mention on the label.
141
The appellation of Langhe DOC includes one sub-zone. What is it?
Nascetta del Comune di Novello
This wine is made entirely from the native white grape Nascetta which is grown exclusively around the commune of Novello.
142
What styles of wine are produced in Nascetta del Comune di Novello?
-dry
-passito
143
What are the characteristics of wines from Nascetta del Comune di Novello?
The wines are refreshing and well-structured, with aromas of aromatic herbs (sage, rosemary), citrus and tropical fruit. A honey and balsamic character develops with age.
144
Where is Verduno Pelaverga DOC located?
This tiny DOC is based around the town of Verduno in the northern part of Barolo. It also includes part of the Roddi and La Morra communes.
145
What varietal(s) are used in Verduno Pelaverga DOC?
The native red Pelaverga Piccolo. Though traditionally used as a blending partner, in the past few decades producers have begun bottling single-varietal Pelaverga (minimum 85%).
146
What are the characteristics of wines from Verduno Pelaverga DOC?
The wines are pale ruby in colour and have refreshing acidity. They show fragrant floral and red fruity aromas and spicy notes of green and white pepper.
These wines are attracting more interest from consumers looking for something rare and uncommon.
147
What style of wine is produced under Alta Langa DOCG?
Metodo classico (traditional method) sparkling wines made in southern Piemonte. Produced in:
-bianco
-rosato
These high-quality bottlings are gaining in stature and recognition.
148
What area does Alta Langa DOCG cover?
Almost all of the Langhe and extends eastward into the province of Asti and Alessandria. Geographically, it is a large appellation, but the area under vine is only slightly more than 250ac/100ha.
Note: Vineyard acreage and production are expected to increase in the near future.
149
What varietals are used in wines from Alta Langa DOCG?
-90-100% Pinot Nero and/or Chardonnay
*Pinot Nero usually plays the dominant role.
Note: The wines must be vintage-dated.
150
What are the aging requirements for Alta Langa DOCG?
-min. 30 months on lees
Riserva:
-min. 36 months on lees
151
Where is Roero Hills located?
Roero is a hilly area situated to the north of Alba on the left bank of the Tanaro River between the western plain of Carmagnola and the low hills of Asti to the east. It lies opposite of Barolo and Barbaresco. Carnale is the most important town.
152
Where does the name Roero come from?
The noble and prominent Roero family who ruled the area for centuries during the Middle Ages.
153
How do the hills of Roero differ from the hilly landscape of the Langhe?
Roero hills are lower in altitude and are steeper.
Precipitous rocky cliffs, called rocche, run southwest to northeast, like a topographical slash in the landscape.
154
What are the soil types in Roero Hills?
Le rocche (rocky cliffs) separates the alluvial soils of the western plain from the sandier soils in the east-central hills where vineyards are planted.
The soils are of marine origin and mainly composed of sand, sandstone and marl. The high sand content makes these soils light, loose, soft and highly permeable.This terrain is poor in organic matter but rich in minerals.
155
How does Roero show a rich agricultural biodiversity?
The vineyards alternate with plenty of forest and peach and pear orchards.
156
How much rain does Roero get annually?
Annual precipitation levels range between 20-27in/500-700mm and, in some years, drop as low as 17in/450mm.
Roero is one of the most arid sections of southern Piemonte; the western Alps and the Ligurian Apennines block most of the rain. The scant rain that falls is not retained by the sandy soils. Numerous wells and reservoir tanks dot the landscape collecting and disseminating any captured rainfall.
157
What element of Roero hills helps to develop aromatic complexity in the grapes?
The considerable diurnal temperature swing.
158
Where are vineyards planted in Roero Hills?
Only on hillsides.
159
How are vineyards harvested in Roero Hills?
Due to the steepness of the hillsides and the small size of individual vineyard parcels, all field work, including harvest, is carried out by hand.
160
What are the primary varieties grown in Roero?
1) Arneis
2) Nebbiolo
3) Barbera
4) Favorita
161
Which Langhe appellations are the hills of Roero included?
1) Barbera d'Alba DOC
-Barbera
2) Nebbiolo d'Alba DOC
-Nebbiolo producers who previously used this, now use Roero DOCG
3) Langhe DOC
-Favorita (Langhe Favorita DOC)
4) Alba DOC
162
What area is covered by Roero DOCG?
The main appellation of the Roero hills.
163
What varietals are the focus of Roero DOCG?
1) Arneis: accounts for the majority of plantings.
2) Nebbiolo
164
How are wines made from Arneis labeled in Roero Hills?
Roero Arneis DOCG
165
How are wines made from Nebbiolo labeled in Roero Hills?
Roero DOCG
166
How old is viticulture in Roero Hills?
Although Roero has a viticultural tradition that predates the Romans, the appellation is relatively young.
167
When was Roero Hills approved for DOC? And then DOCG?
DOC (1985)
DOCG (2004)
168
How many MGAs have been introduced by the consorzio of Roero?
153 MGAs, of which 18 are communal.
These MGAs represent the top vineyard sites for Arneis and Nebbiolo in Roero.
169
Where in Roero Hills is Nebbiolo planted?
Nebbiolo tends to be grown on the better, south-facing sites. It has adapted well to the poor, sandy soils and produces fragrant and elegant wines.
170
In the past, how were Nebbiolo-based wines made in Roero Hills?
Nebbiolo was traditionally blended with a small proportion of Arneis to soften its austere character, but today Arneis can no longer be used.
171
What is the winemaking style in Roero Hills where Nebbiolo is concerned?
The appellation practices a collective modern approach to red winemaking. Nebbiolo usually goes through short maceration periods and shorter stints in small oak barrels.
This is due to its relatively young age as an appellation. Roero's producers did not have the stylistic dispute between traditionalists and modernists experienced in Langhe.
172
What are the winemaking requirements for Roero DOCG?
-min. 95% Nebbiolo
-min. 20 months aging
-min. 6 months in oak
Riserva:
-min. 32 months aging
-6 months in oak
173
What are the characteristics of wines from Roero DOCG?
Nebbiolo from Roero is a medium-weight wine that tends to be lighter, softer, less tannic and earlier-maturing than either Barolo or Barbaresco. The wines are hallmarked by finesse and perfume.
174
How long has Arneis been grown in the hills of Roero?
Centuries
175
What style of wine has historically been made from the Arneis varietal in Roero Hills?
Sweet wines.
176
Who are Bruno Giacosa, Vietti and Negro?
They are wine producers who produced small quantities of high-quality dry wine from the Arneis grape in the 1970s and attracted widespread attention.
177
Who is Ceretto?
A producer who joined the Arneis cause in Roero Hills and became even more instrumental in the transforming Arneis into a highly reputable grape capable of producing distinctive wines.
178
Where are Arneis vines planted?
They are usually found on cooler sites and is well-suited to the light soils of Roero.
179
What are the requirements for Roero Arneis DOCG?
It is produced in a dry style.
-min. 95% Arneis
Riserva (introduced in 2017):
-min. 16 months aging
Spumante (less common) is also made.
180
What are the characteristics of wines from Roero Arneis DOCG?
These elegant wines are medium- to full-bodied and rich in texture with attractive aromas and flavours of white flowers, pear, apple, peach and almonds.
Most bottlings are unoaked.
