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Italian Wine Scholar: Northern Italy > Piemonte: Monferrato > Flashcards

Piemonte: Monferrato Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is Monferrato?

A

Monferrato is a hilly area in southern Piemonte with a long-standing winegrowing tradition. It is included within the provinces of Asti and Alessandria.

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2
Q

What areas in Piemonte were listed as UNESCO World Heritage sites?

A

-Monferrato (2014)*
-Langhe
-Roero Hills

*Because of its beautiful landscape and the tight connection between man and vine.

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3
Q

What are the 3 main areas Monferrato is divided into?

A

1) Basso Monferrato (Lower Monferrato)
2) Monferrato Astigiano
3) Alto Monferrato (High Monferrato)

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4
Q

Where is Basso Monferrato located?

A

It corresponds to the northeastern portion of Monferrato and consists of low hills that slope down to the Po plain to the north.
Also known as Monferrato Casalese.

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5
Q

Where is Monferrato Astigiano located?

A

It is in the western portion of Monferrato to the north and south of Asti; it is bisected by the Tanaro River and is characterized by gently rolling hills.

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6
Q

Where is Alto Monferrato located?

A

Alto Monferrato refers to the southeastern section of Monferrato. The hills increase in elevation here as they merge into the southern Ligurian Apennines.

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7
Q

Monferrato is considered the historic home to some of Piemonte’s most traditional grapes such as what?

A

-Barbera
-Grignolino
-Cortese

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8
Q

What is the climate in Monferrato?

A

Continental with hot, dry summers and cold winters.
Rainfall levels are among the lowest in Piemonte (20-31in/500-800mm annually); drought may be an issue during the summer months.

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9
Q

How old are the hills of Monferrato?

A

These hills are relatively recent, geologically-speaking. They date back to the retreat of the Padano Sea (15-16 million years ago).

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10
Q

What are the 3 principal soil types in Monferrato?

A

1) Terre Bianche (White lands): This soil type is composed of alternating layers of sand, sandstone and whitish calcareous marls. Theses soils are shallow, rich in marine fossils and high in calcium carbonate. They are principally found south of Asti (Monferrato Astigiano) and in Alto and Basso Monferrato.
2) Sabbie Astiane (Asti sands): The Asti sands are found along both banks of the Tanaro in the central part of Monferrato Astigiano. The soil’s high sand content results in poor water retention; vines here are often affected by water stress.
3) Terre Rosse (Red lands): Found in specific areas of Alto Monferrato. They are deep, higher in clay content and rich in iron and magnesium.

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11
Q

What are Infernotti?

A

Infernotti (or Infernot) are underground cellars dug in the marly-sandstone soils. These cellars have high humidity levels and have special niches in their walls where temperatures remain cool and constant. These nooks are traditionally used to store the best bottles. Monferrato is known for infernotti.

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12
Q

Name the major appellations of Monferrato Astigiano.

A

1) Barbera d’Asti DOCG
2) Nizza DOCG
3) Ruche di Castagnole Monferrato DOCG
4) Brachetto d’Acqui (or Acqui) DOCG
5) Freisa d’Asti DOC
6) Grignolino d’Asti DOC
7) Dolcetto d’Asti DOC
8) Malvasia di Casorzo d’Asti DOC (or Casorzo or Malvasia di Casorzo)
9) Asti DOCG
10) Moscato d’Asti DOCG

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13
Q

Which appellation in Piemonte is the second-largest with regard to total production?

A

Barbera d’Asti DOCG; with more than 20 million bottles of wines produced every year, it volumetrically outranks all other Piemonte reds.

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14
Q

Where is Barbera d’Asti DOCG located?

A

Barbera d’Asti occupies a large part of Monferrato. The city of Asti is situated in the center.
The vineyards are planted on hills of moderate elevation (between 500-1,300ft/150-400m).

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15
Q

What are the soil types in Barbera d’Asti DOCG?

A

The soils to the north of Asti are characterized by calcareous marls and sabbie astiane (Asti sands).
To the south of Asti, the soils are mostly terre bianche.

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16
Q

Which grape variety takes priority in Monferrato?

A

Barbera

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17
Q

Where are vineyards planted in Barbera d’Asti DOCG?

A

Vineyards can only be planted on hillsides, of moderate elevation, at an altitude not to exceed 2,000ft/650m.

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18
Q

What vine-training system is used in Barbera d’Asti DOCG?

A

Guyot or cordon systems.

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19
Q

What grapes are used to produce Barbera d’Asti DOCG?

A

By law, Barbera d’Asti must be a minimum of 90% Barbera.
The superiore version represents a special selection of grapes at harvest.

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20
Q

What are the aging requirements for Barbera d’Asti DOCG?

A

-minimum 4 months

Superiore:
-14 months
-minimum 6 months in oak

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21
Q

What style of wine is made in Barbera d’Asti DOCG?

A

There are several different styles of Barbera on the market, due to the large winegrowing area and the number of producers.
The majority of the wine is stylistically meant for early consumption. These wines spend time in stainless steel which maintains Barbera’s refreshing acidity and bright primary grape aromas.
Another style of Barbera is matured in large, neutral oak casks that round the wine texturally and add complexity.
The most modern style uses new, small oak barrels that add tannin, texture, richness and well-integrated oak flavors.
Some producers use a combination of these techniques.

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22
Q

What new identity and reputation has Barbera acquired?

A

For producing serious and fine wine with richness, power, complexity and aging potential.

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of wine made in Barbera d’Asti DOCG?

A

The flavour profile varies according to the winemaking techniques employed.
They all share a deep ruby-purple colour, intense aromas of sour red-berry fruit, high acidity and low-to-moderate tannins.
The best examples demonstrate ripe fruit and are spicy, rich, full-bodied, structured and complex.
Barbera d’Asti tends to be fruitier, more mineral and more refreshing than Barbera d’Alba, due to its slightly more acidic character.

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24
Q

Which appellation produces what is considered by many to be the quintessential expression of Barbera?

A

Barbera D’Asti

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25
Q

Traditionally, Barbera was considered the “people’s wine” thanks to its easy-drinking character, its versatility at the table and its ability to complement the household cuisine. How did this change?

A

Starting from the early 1980s, the efforts of producers such as Braida, Bersano, Scarpa, Coppo and Chiarlo among others, have transformed the image of Barbera d’Asti and have taken the wines to a superior level with a more diversified style.

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26
Q

When was Barbera D’Asti Superiore pioneered and how is it produced?

A

In 1980, new practices were incorporated, such as the use of riper fruit, lower yields and oak vessels, including new barrique.
This style represents a richer version of Barbera with more depth, texture and complexity that expresses the perfect union of ripe red fruit and oak.
Barbera D’Asti Superior from single vineyards has become progressively more common.

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27
Q

When did Barbera D’Asti gain DOCG status and what was the driving factor?

A

2008; the increasing quality and prestige obtained by Barbera D’Asti Superiore wines were instrumental in gaining DOCG status.

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28
Q

How has Barbera D’Asti influenced other appellations in Monferrato?

A

Their rise in ranks driven has served as the impetus for other wine appellations to raise their standards of excellence contributing to the overall reputation and quality of this wine district.

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29
Q

What are the 2 sub-zones of the Barbera D’Asti Superiore DOCG?

A

1) Tinella
2) Colli Astiani (Astiano)

These sub-zones have more stringent production requirements, such as lower yields, higher minimum potential alcohol levels and longer aging.

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30
Q

Where is Nizza DOCG located?

A

The zone of production includes 18 villages around the town of Nizza Monferrato.

Nizza is considered an historic area for the production of Barbera.

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31
Q

When did Nizza receive DOCG status?

A

Nizza was previously a sub-zone of the Barbera d’Asti Superiore DOCG but was elevated to its own DOCG in 2014.

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32
Q

What is the climate of Nizza DOCG?

A

Warm, meso-climate.

Traditionally delivers the ripest fruit each harvest.

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33
Q

What is the varietal requirement for Nizza DOCG?

A

100% Barbera

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34
Q

What are the aging requirements for Nizza DOCG?

A

-Minimum 18 months
-Mimimum 6 months in oak

Riserva:
-Minimum 30 months
-Minimum 12 months in oak

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35
Q

Where is Ruche di Castagnole Monferrato DOCG located?

A

It centers around the tiny town of Castagnole Monferrato just a few miles northeast of Asti. The appellation is on the left bank of the Tanaro (north of Tanaro) near the river. It encompasses seven hill-top towns where vineyards are planted alongside woods.

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36
Q

What is the primary grape variety grown in Ruche di Castagnole Monferrato DOCG

A

Ruche, a local and indigenous red variety rarely found elsewhere. It has been produced in this historic area for centuries.

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37
Q

What are the soil types in Ruche di Castagnole Monferrato DOCG?

A

This is an area of transition from the calcareous marls of Monferrato to the lighter and looser sabbie astiane.

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38
Q

What varietals are used in wines from Ruche di Castagnole Monferrato DOCG?

A

-minimum 90% Ruche
-maximum 10% Barbera or Brachetto

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39
Q

What are the characteristics of wine from Ruche di Castagnole Monferrato DOCG?

A

The wine is a dry, distinctive red, with intense rose perfume, red berry fruit, spice, noticeable tannins and a bitter finish.

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40
Q

Where is Brachetto d’Acqui (Acqui) DOCG located?

A

The appellation is situated in the hills northwest of Acqui Terme between the Belbo and Bormida rivers.
The zone of production centers around the ancient Roman town of Acqui Terme (famous for its thermal springs).

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41
Q

When did Ruche di Castagnole Monferrato receive DOCG status?

A

2010

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42
Q

Who is Arturo Bersano?

A

A winemaker who produced a sweet, red sparkling wine via the Martinotti method (tank method) in the 1950s.
Brachetto has been grown in Brachetto d’Acqui for centuries but it was not until this occurred that the grape gained popularity as an ideal dessert wine.

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43
Q

When did Brachetto d’Acqui achieve DOC? When was it elevated to DOCG?

A

DOC in 1969
DOCG in 1996

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44
Q

What style of wine is produced in Brachetto d’Acqui DOCG?

A

A sweet, aromatic and typically sparkling red wine based on the Brachetto grape.
-3 main sweet styles:
1) still or lightly fizzy (
2) sparkling (accounts for majority of production)
3) passito
-drier versions allowed since 2017

Note: Some of the best examples of Brachetto d’Acqui are produced in the still/gently fizzy category. Passito is the least common.

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45
Q

What are the soil types in Brachetto d’Acqui DOCG?

A

The soils comprise compact, white calcareous marls as a rule, although some areas have significant proportions of sand and sandstone in the mix.

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46
Q

What are the characteristics of wines from Brachetto d’Acqui DOCG?

A

The wines show brilliant ruby colour and intense aromas of red berry fruit (strawberry and raspberry), along with floral aromas of rose and spice. It is light in body and low in alcohol (~5-7% abv).

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47
Q

Where is Freisa d’Asti DOC located?

A

This appellation covers the entire province of Asti and, therefore, occupies all of Monferrato Astigiano.

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48
Q

What grape variety is Freisa d’Asti DOC based on?

A

Freisa, a local and indigenous variety, which has a particular stronghold just to the north of Asti.

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49
Q

What styles of wine are produced in Freisa d’Asti DOC?

A

1) still
2) still superiore
3) frizzante
4) spumante
Note: all versions can be dry or off-dry to medium sweet.
The traditional and most common style is off-dry frizzante.

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50
Q

What is the aging requirement of superiore wines from Freisa d’Asti DOC?

A

Minimum 1 year aging.

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51
Q

What are the characteristics of wines from Freisa d’Asti DOC?

A

The wines show a pale ruby-red colour and are high in acidity and tannin. They possess refreshing notes of strawberry, raspberry, rose and violets and have a certain bitterness on the palate.

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52
Q

Where is Grignolino d’Asti DOC located?

A

The appellation is centered around Asti, particularly on the hills to the north and south of the city.

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53
Q

What grape varieties are used in wines from Grignolino d’Asti DOC?

A

-Minimum 90% Grignolino
-Maximum 10% Freisa can be added

Grignolino is an indigenous grape highly appreciated by the locals. The wines are largely consumed in Piemonte.

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54
Q

How does Grignolino compare to Dolcetto?

A

In Monferrato, Grignolino plays the same role as Dolcetto in the Langhe - it crafts a light, easy-drinking wine for everyday consumption.
However, the two grapes have very little in common, aside from the fact that they are both released and drunk young.

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55
Q

What are the characteristics of wines from Grignolino d’Asti DOC?

A

The wines are very pale in colour (almost a rosato) with a pink-ruby hue.
They boast delicate floral and crisp red fruit aromas (strawberry and raspberry) with notes of undergrowth and spice.
They are dry, light in body, and refreshingly acidic with moderate alcohol, a tannic bite and a pleasantly bitter finish.
Should be consumed young and slightly chilled.

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56
Q

Where is Dolcetto d’Asti DOC located?

A

It is found in the southern part of Monferrato Astigiano. It is one of the smallest Dolcetto appellations in Piemonte in terms of production and area under vine. This is also the only Dolcetto appellation in the Asti winegrowing district.

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57
Q

What grape varieties are used in wines from Dolcetto d’Asti DOC?

A

100% Dolcetto

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58
Q

What are the characteristics of wines from Dolcetto d’Asti DOC?

A

These are light and easy-drinking wines with intense and fragrant red cherry aromas. They are soft and velvet-smooth with a pleasant, bitter-almond finish.
These wines are meant to be consumed young, although the superiore versions can last longer.

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59
Q

What is the aging requirement for superiore wines from Dolcetto d’Asti DOC?

A

Minimum 1 year.

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60
Q

Where is Malvasia di Casorzo d’Asti DOC located?

A

Malvasia di Casorzo d’Asti (or Casorzo or Malvasia di Casorzo) DOC is located northeast of Asti around the town of Casorzo.

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61
Q

What style of wine is produced in Malvasia di Casorzo d’Asti DOC?

A

Sweet red wine in:
-Still
-Spumante
-Passito

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62
Q

What are the characteristics of wines from Malvasia di Casorzo d’Asti DOC?

A

Pale ruby-red with an intense rose fragrance and bright notes of strawberry, raspberry and grape. Most are soft, slightly fizzy, light in body and low in alcohol.

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63
Q

Where is Asti DOCG located?

A

The zone of production is located to the south and southeast of Asti on the right bank of the Tanaro River (south of).
It encompasses more than 50 villages within the provinces of Asti, Cuneo and Alessandria and covers almost 25,000ac/10,000ha of vineyard area.
The appellation overlaps most of Barbaresco and includes a strip of land around Serralunga d’Alba in Barolo.

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64
Q

Which areas in Asti DOCG account for the majority of production?

A

The provinces of Cuneo and Asti account for more than 80% of the total production. While the town of Canelli is the major production center for the Asti DOCG.

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65
Q

What are the 2 categories that share the Asti DOCG?

A

1) Asti DOCG (previously known as Asti Spumante): fully sparkling wines, represents majority of wines produced under this appellation.
2) Moscato d’Asti DOCG: a lightly fizzy wine produced in smaller quantities.

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66
Q

What style of wine is produced in Asti DOCG?

A

Aromatic sweet wines made entirely from Moscato Bianco.

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67
Q

Which appellation is volumetrically the largest in Piemonte?

A

Asti DOCG; average annual production of more than 80 million bottles

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68
Q

What are the soil types found in Asti DOCG?

A

Terre Bianche

Note: Moscato Bianco performs well in calcareous soils delivering its best aromatic expression.

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69
Q

Where are vineyards planted in Asti DOCG?

A

The disciplinare requires vineyards be planted on hillsides. These hills rise 650-1,600ft/200-500m in elevation and have a 30-50% gradient.

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70
Q

How are vines typically trained in Asti DOCG?

A

Guyot

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71
Q

How are grapes harvested in Asti DOCG?

A

Hand picking is the only possible way to harvest on such steep slopes.

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72
Q

How does temperature influence viticulture in Asti DOCG?

A

There is a wide diurnal temperature swing and cooler growing conditions overall due to altitude.
This allows the grapes to ripen slowly, develop aromatic complexity and preserve natural acidity.

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73
Q

Who is Carlo Gancia?

A

He created the fully sparkling version of Asti in the second half of the 19th century. He was born in a Barolo winemaking family. In 1848, he left Turin for Reims where he learned the techniques of Champagne production. Two years later, he returned to Piemonte inspired to produce a traditional method sparkling wine using the Moscato Bianco grape. He established a winery in Canelli and crafted a sparkling Moscato Bianco that was finished with noticeable residual sugar.
This “prototype Asti” was low in alcohol and sweet. Gancia labeled it “Moscato Champagne.” It became a commercial success in the 1870s.

74
Q

What is the Martinotti method?

A

Tank method for sparkling wine.

75
Q

What is the significance of the Martinotti method in Asti DOCG?

A

The introduction of this method (Tank method) was instrumental in the development and the popularity of these wines. It was considerably less labor intensive and less expensive. It also better preserves the aromatic richness of the Moscato grape.

76
Q

When did a consortium first regulate production of sweet sparkling wines made from Moscato Bianco?

A

The first consortium to regulate this wine was sanctioned by the Italian government in the 1930s, at which time the wines were officially called Asti Spumante.

77
Q

When did Asti Spumante gain popularity?

A

Popularity for Asti Spumante continued to build considerably throughout the 20th century, but its breakthrough onto the world wine market did not occur until the 1970s.

78
Q

What are the characteristics of wines from Asti DOCG?

A

Typically very pale in colour with a dense mousse composed of tiny bubbles. The nose shows pronounced floral and fruity aromas of orange blossom, rose, acacia, wisteria, elderflower, linden, stone fruit and grape - coupled with spice, musk and honey.
The wine is sweet, moderate in acidity and low in alcohol (7% abv).

79
Q

How is Asti DOCG wine sealed?

A

With a mushroom cork.

80
Q

When must Asti DOCG wine be consumed?

A

Young, to appreciate its fragrant, aromatic character.

81
Q

What is geraniol?

A

Geraniol is an important aromatic compound of the Moscato grape that contribute to Asti’s aromas only when it is fresh. With age, geraniol becomes unpleasantly sharp, compromising the aromatic balance of the wine.
For this reason, Asti should be consumed as fresh as possible.

82
Q

What wine from Monferrato does not require a vintage year on the label?

A

Asti DOCG; however the rapid turn-over of this sparkling wine almost guarantees that the consumer is drinking a bottle within a year of its release.

83
Q

What is the Asti method?

A

The Asti method for sparkling wine production is a variation of the tank method. It does not require the creation of a still, dry base wine as is customary in the tank or traditional methods.
These wines are made by a single fermentation that is stopped and restarted at specific points.. The wines finish with approximately 7-9.5% abv, a pressure of 5-6 atm and the required residual sugar.
The Asti method is better for aromatic grapes in order to preserve their fragrance and fresh quality.

84
Q

The majority of the total production in Asti DOCG is made from the Asti method. What method is used by a tiny minority?

A

Traditional method; with minimum 9 months on the less.

85
Q

Who produces the wines made in Asti DOCG?

A

The great majority are large producers and cooperatives that purchase grapes from thousands of growers, although increasingly more small producers are making high-quality Asti DOCG.

86
Q

What is Asti Secco?

A

A drier version that can be produced under Asti DOCG as of 2017.

87
Q

How is Moscato d’Asti DOCG produced?

A

It is produced from the best and ripest grapes. These are refined sweet wines made by a single fermentation that is stopped by chilling the must when it reaches approximately 5-5.5% abv. During this process, a small amount of CO2 is retained, which makes the wine slightly fizzy.

Note: must be vintage dated (unlike Asti DOCG)

88
Q

How is Moscato d’Asti DOCG bottle sealed?

A

With a normal cork, unlike the Asti DOCG.

89
Q

What are the characteristics of Moscato d’Asti DOCG wine?

A

It is a delicate and refined dessert wine, with intense aromas of orange blossom, linden, wisteria, citrus, peach, apricot, grape and sage.These wines are pleasantly sweet, frothy and light in alcohol. Gently fizzy (max 2.5 atm).
Compared to Asti, Moscato d’Asti:
-shows more finesse
-more pronounced aromas
-lower alcohol
-considerably less sparkle

90
Q

What food pairs well with Moscato d’Asti DOCG?

A

Fresh fruit

91
Q

What is the production quality like for Moscato d’Asti DOCG?

A

Moscato d’Asti is more artisanal and predominantly crafted by small-scale producers.

Unlike Asti, which is dominated by large-scale producers and cooperatives.

92
Q

What are the 3 official sub-zones of Moscato d’Asti DOCG that can appear on wine labels?

A

1) Canelli: the largest sub-zone; located between Alba and Canelli. It includes Serralunga d’Alba in Barolo and part of Barbaresco (Neive and Treiso)
2) Santa Vittoria: the smallest Moscato d’Asti sub-zone; located entirely within the commune of Vittoria d’Alba.
3) Strevi: surrounding the communes of Strevi and Acqui Terme.

93
Q

What is the late harvest wine produced in Moscato d’Asti DOCG?

A

Moscato d’Asti Vendmmia Tardiva DOCG; The grapes are harvested later than for regular Moscato d’Asti and are partially dried after harvest.
The wines must be aged for at least 1 year before release.

94
Q

Name the minor appellations of Monferrato Astigiano.

A

1) Terre Alfieri DOC
2) Cisterna d’Asti DOC
3) Calosso DOC
4) Loazzolo DOC
5) Malvasia di Castelnuovo Don Bosco DOC
6) Albugnano DOC

95
Q

Where is Terre Alfieri DOC located?

A

This appellation lies to the southwest of Asti on the left bank of the Tanaro River (north of) and encompasses the Alfieri Hills and some of the northern Roero Hills.

96
Q

What wines are produced in Terre Alfieri DOC?

A

1) Terre Alfieri Nebbiolo DOC
2) Terre Alfieri Arneis DOC

97
Q

Where is Cisterna d’Asti DOC located?

A

This DOC is principally within the Roero district, but it has a small area of vines stretching into the Asti district.

98
Q

What wine is produced in Cisterna d’Asti DOC?

A

Light red wines made from a minimum of 80% Croatina.

99
Q

Where is Calosso DOC located?

A

This small DOC extends along the right bank of the Tanaro River (south of) from an area just south of Asti to the small commune of Calosso.

100
Q

What wine is produced in Calosso DOC?

A

Wines based on the rare Gamba Rossa grape.
Riserva & passito (called Passara) versions are also produced.

101
Q

Where is Loazzolo DOC located?

A

This tiny DOC is situated around the commune of Loazzolo to the south of Asti. The vineyards lie on steep slopes on the right bank of the Tanaro River.

102
Q

What wine is produced in Loazzolo DOC?

A

Sweet passito wines made from Moscato Bianco.
The wine is made with a combination of ripe, over-ripe and/or air-dried grapes. During the appassimento process, the grapes are often affected by noble rot.

The wines must be aged for at least 2 years with a minimum of 6 months in small oak barrels.

103
Q

Where is Malvasia di Castelnuovo Don Bosco DOC located?

A

This DOC lies between Asti and Torino.

104
Q

What wine is produced in Malvasia di Castelnuovo Don Bosco DOCC?

A

Sweet red wines based on Malvasia di Schierano and/or Malvasia Nera Lunga. These low-alcohol, light-bodied wines are pale ruby-red colour with fruity and floral aromas. Most are produced in a slightly fizzy style. A spumante version is also produced.

105
Q

Where is Albugnano DOC located?

A

Northwest of Asti, close to the province of Torino (Turin)

106
Q

What wine is produced in Albugnano DOC?

A

Nebbiolo-based red wines with superiore and rosato versions also made.

107
Q

What are the major appellations of Basso and Alto Monferrato?

A

1) Barbera del Monferrato Superiore DOCG & Barbera del Monferrato DOC
2) Dolcetto di Ovada Superiore (or Ovada) DOCG and Dolcetto di Ovada DOC
3) Gavi (or Cortese di Gavi) DOCG
4) Colli Tortonesi DOC
5) Grignolino del Monferrato Casalese DOC

108
Q

Where are Barbera del Monferrato Superiore DOCG & Barbera del Monferrato DOC located?

A

Both appellations share the same zone of production - namely the entire Asti province, plus a large portion of the Alessandria province. They cover a large portion of the Monferrato sub-region.

Barbera del Monferrato and Barbera d’Asti share most of the same territory, however, the majority of Barbera del Monferrato is grown in the province of Alessandria in Alto and Basso Monferrato.

109
Q

When was Barbera del Monferrato DOC split into 2 appellations?

A

In 2008, it was split into:
1) Barbera del Monferrato superiore DOCG: for still red superiore.
2) Barbera del Monferrato DOC: for still and frizzante versions.

110
Q

What appellation is volumetrically the third-largest for Barbera in Piemonte?

A

Barbera del Monferrato Superiore DOCG & Barbera del Monferrato DOC

111
Q

Which areas in Barbera del Monferrato deliver very fine Barbera?

A

The area between Casale Monferrato and Vignale Monferrato.

112
Q

Where in Monferrato is Barbera planted?

A

Barbera is planted on the best sites. The landscape is characterized by low hills ranging from 500-1,300ft/150-400m in elevation.

113
Q

What are the soil types in Barbera del Monferrato?

A

Calcareous marls, sandstone, sand and clay.

114
Q

How are vines trained in Barbera del Monferrato?

A

Most vines are trained by Guyot.

115
Q

What are the grape varieties used in wines from Barbera del Monferrato?

A

Both Barbera del Monferrato Superiore DOCG & Barbera del Monferrato DOC require:
-minimum 85% Barbera
-up to 15% Freisa and/or Grignolino and/or Dolcetto

Traditionally, in Basso Monferrato Barbera was blended with Freisa and in Alto Monferrato with Dolcetto.
Today, most Barbera del Monferrato wines are 100% Barbera.

116
Q

What are the requirements for Barbera del Monferrato Superiore DOCG?

A

The superiore DOCG is made from the best and ripest Barbera. The disciplinare requires lower maximum permitted yields, higher minimum alcohol levels and higher extract levels than those required for the DOC.

117
Q

What are the aging requirements of Barbera del Monferrato?

A

Barbera del Monferrato superiore DOCG:
-Minimum 14 months
-Minimum 6 months in oak

Barbera del Monferrato DOC has no minimum aging requirements.

118
Q

What are the characteristics of wines from Barbera del Monferrato DOC?

A

Light, straight-forward, everyday wine with refreshing acidity and sour red fruit.

119
Q

What are the characteristics of wines from Barbera del Monferrato superiore DOCG?

A

Elegant and structured with velvet tannins and complex aromas of red fruit, flowers and spice. Many examples also show nuances of well-integrated oak.

120
Q

Where are Dolcetto di Ovada Superiore DOCG & Dolcetto di Ovada DOC located?

A

These appellations cover the same area around the town of Ovada in the southeast corner of Piemonte just west of the Gavi DOC, partially overlapping their neighbour.

121
Q

When did Dolcetto di Ovada Superiore receive DOCG status?

A

In 2008, the Dolcetto di Ovada DOC was split into two distinct appellations when the superiore version was elevated to DOCG status.

122
Q

What is the volume of production of Dolcetto in Dolcetto di Ovada compared to the rest of Piemonte?

A

The DOC and superiore DOCG together produce the third-largest volume of Dolcetto in Piemonte.

123
Q

Where in Dolcetto di Ovada are the vineyards planted?

A

On steep slopes up to 2,000ft/600m in altitude.

124
Q

How are vines trained in Dolcetto di Ovada?

A

Largely by Guyot.

125
Q

What are the varietal and aging requirements for wines from Dolcetto di Ovada superiore DOCG?

A

-100% Dolcetto
-aged minimum 1 year

Single-vineyard bottlings:
-minimum 20 months aging

Riservas:
-minimum 2 years aging

126
Q

What grape varieties are used to make Dolcetto di Ovada DOC wine?

A

-97% Dolcetto
-up to 3% of other red varieties allowed

127
Q

What is the aging requirement for wines from Dolcetto di Ovada DOC?

A

None

128
Q

What are the characteristics of wines from Dolcetto di Ovada DOC?

A

Light, easy-drinking and straight-forward wines that are meant to be consumed young.

129
Q

What are the characteristics of wines from Dolcetto di Ovada superiore DOCG?

A

Deep ruby-purple in colour, structured and full-bodied, with a rich and earthy character.
Has aging potential.

130
Q

Where is Gavi DOCG?

A

This appellation is centered around the town of Gavi. The winegrowing area lies in the southeast corner of Alto Monferrato in the province of Alessandria.

131
Q

Which is the most important appellation for the Cortese grape?

A

Gavi DOCG

132
Q

How ancient are the viticultural origins in Gavi?

A

The first documents chronicling the importance of the vine in Gavi date back to 972AD. Historically, red grapes were more widely planted. 17th century documents mention entire vineyards devoted to the Cortese grape.

133
Q

What major event occurred that shifted the viticultural focus of grape-growing in Gavi?

A

After phylloxera struck, growers opted to replant with Cortese (versus Dolcetto) and by the early 20th century, Cortese became the most widely planted grape by far.

134
Q

When did wines made from Cortese begin to enjoy popularity and success?

A

In the 1960s and 1970s, thanks to the bottlings produced by modern Gavi pioneer, La Scolca.

135
Q

When did Gavi receive DOC status? and then DOCG?

A

Gavi DOC in 1974
Gavi DOCG in 1998

136
Q

What viticultural error resulted in decreased wine quality in Gavi during the 1980s?

A

High yields resulted in neutral and acidic wines.

137
Q

What is the climate in Gavi?

A

Moderate continental with cold winters (often with snow in the mountainous south) and relatively warm summers with good air circulation, due to the proximity of the Ligurian Sea.

138
Q

How many communes are there in Gavi DOCG?

A

11 communes

139
Q

How much area in Gavi DOCG is under vine?

A

More than 3,400ac/1,400ha under vine are dedicated entirely to Cortese.

140
Q

Where in Gavi DOCG are vines planted?

A

Exclusively on hillsides at altitudes ranging from 500-1,500ft/150-450m.

141
Q

What are the soil types in Gavi DOCG?

A

The soils are composed of terre bianche and terre rosse.

142
Q

What are the production requirements for Gavi DOCG?

A

-must be 100% Cortese

Riservas:
-must hail from a single vineyard
-minimum 1 year of aging
-with minimum 6 months in bottle

Sparkling riserva:
-must come from a single vineyard
-must be traditional method

143
Q

What styles of wine are produced in Gavi DOCG?

A

-still
-riserva
-frizzante
-spumante
-sparkling riserva

144
Q

When are producers in Gavi DOCG permitted to enrich the must with MCR (Mosto Concentrato Rettificato/concentrated grape must)?

A

In cool years in which Cortese may fail to achieve sufficient sugar levels. The MCR must be obtained exclusively from Cortese grapes grown within the appellation.

145
Q

What are the characteristics of wines from Gavi DOCG?

A

Gavi is marked by a refreshingly crisp acidity and subtle aromas. The wines are delicately scented with fresh citrus and almond notes with an underpinning minerality. They are usually moderate in alcohol.

146
Q

When are the best Gavi DOCG wines produced?

A

In warm-to-hot vintages where the wines have enough body and extract to balance the high acidity.
In cooler years, the wines can be rather lean and austere.

147
Q

Are Gavi DOCG wines best enjoyed young and fresh or with some bottle age?

A

The majority of Gavi is meant to be consumed young and fresh.
However, fine examples may acquire more roundness and depth from a few years of bottle age.
Most bottlings are unoaked, but there are some producers who use oak for fermentation and maturation.

148
Q

How may Gavi DOCG wines be labled in regards to the origins of the grapes used?

A

Although a large percentage of Gavi is produced by blending wines from different communes, Gavi may be labeled with one of 18 MGAs (additional geographic designations) which correspond to the 11 communes and 7 hamlets included within the communal boundaries.
In such instances, the label reads: Gavi DOCG “del Comune di…” (from the commune of…) and the name of the commune/hamlet. For example, a wine produced from grapes grown entirely within the commune of Gavi is labeled:
Gavi DOCG del Comune di Gavi.

149
Q

Which commune in Gavi DOCG makes the most wine?

A

Gavi commune

150
Q

Which communes in Gavi DOCG produce the finest examples of wine?

A

Gavi & Tassarolo

151
Q

Where is Colli Tortonesi DOC located?

A

It lies in the very southeast corner of Piemonte, bordering Lombardia and Emilia-Romagna to the east and Liguria to the south. The DOC lies between Alto Monferrato and Lombardia’s Oltrepo Pavesse. The principal city is Tortona, found in the north of the appellation.

The vineyards lie on gentle, low hills.

152
Q

What varietals are grown in Colli Tortonesi DO

A

Dominant varieties
-Barbera
-Dolcetto
-Cortese

Recently, new attention has been attracted thanks to the resuscitated and interesting native white grape, Timorasso.(Until the 1990s, this grape was almost unknown outside this area.)

153
Q

What styles of wine are produced in Colli Tortonesi DOC?

A

Wide range of wines in different styles from several varieties:
-Rosso blends
-Bianco blends
-Frizzante
-Spumante
-Single-varietal

154
Q

What are the 2 official sub-zones of Colli Tortonesi DOC?

A

1) Monleale: This Barbera-based sub-zone occupies the northern half of the DOC. The wines must be aged for a minimum of 20 months with 6 months in oak.
2) Terre di Libarna: This sub-zone lies in the southern half of the DOC. The DOC produces:
-white wines with Timorasso (95-100%)
-spumante (Timorasso)
-riserva (Timorasso)
-a red, Barbera-based blend

155
Q

What is Derthona?

A

The unofficial term for wines made from Timorasso in Terre di Libarna (Colli Tortonesi DOC) that is often found on wine labels. It is an ancient name of Tortona.
Local producers are currently working toward approval for an independent official designation dedicated exclusively to the distinctive Timorasso.

156
Q

What grape varieties are used to make wines from Grignolino del Monferrato Casalese DOC?

A

-minimum 90% Grignolino
-maximum 10% Freisa
Note: This is a classic area for Grignolino production and the wines have a significant local following.

157
Q

What are the characteristics of wines from Grignolino del Monferrato Casalese DOC?

A

Pale ruby-red in colour with high acidity and noticeable tannins.

158
Q

What are the minor appellations of Alto and Basso Monferrato?

A

1) Dolcetto d’Acqui DOC
2) Cortese dell’Alto Monferrato DOC
3) Strevi DOC
4) Rubino di Cantavenna DOC
5) Gabiano DOC
6) Monferrato DOC

159
Q

Where is Dolcetto d’Acqui DOC located?

A

Within the province of Alessandria in Alto Monferrato around the town of Acqui Terme. Vineyards are planted on hillsides.

160
Q

What are the soil types in Dolcetto d’Acqui DOC?

A

White compact calcareous marls that sometimes possess a high sand/sandstone content.

161
Q

What style of wine is produced in Dolcetto d’Acqui DOC?

A

100% Dolcetto
-standard still red
-Superiore version (higher abv, min 1 year aging)

162
Q

What are the characteristics of Dolcetto d’Acqui DOC?

A

It is largely light, soft and easy-drinking, although some medium-bodied, more tannic examples are also made.

163
Q

Where is Cortese dell’Alto Monferrato DOC located?

A

It occupies almost all of the hills of Alto Monferrato to the south of Asti and Alessandria (the Gavi DOCG is excluded).

164
Q

What grape variety is used to produce wine in Cortese dell’Alto Monferrato DOC?

A

Minimum 85% Cortese

165
Q

What styles of wine are produced in Cortese dell’Alto Monferrato DOC?

A

-still white
-frizzante
-spumante

166
Q

Where is Strevi DOC located?

A

This very tiny appellation is near Acqui Terme.

Note: This is also a sub-zone for Moscato d’Asti DOCG

167
Q

What style of wine is produced in Strevi DOC?

A

Passito wines crafted from Moscato Bianco.
-producd via appassimento
-aged min. 2 years

168
Q

Where is Rubino di Cantavenna DOC?

A

This small appellation lies along the south bank of Po River within northwest Monferrato Casalese

169
Q

What grape varieties are used to make wine in Rubino di Cantavenna DOC?

A

-75-90% Barbera
-max. 25% Freisa and/or Grignolino

170
Q

Where is Gabiano DOC located?

A

This tiny DOC lies within the boundaries of the Rubino di Cantavenna DOC.

171
Q

What grape varieties are used to produce wine in Gabiano DOC?

A

-90-95% Barbera
-5-10% Freisa and/or Grignolino

172
Q

What is the Monferrato DOC?

A

A large, sub-regional appellation introduced in 1994 to cover the entire Monferrato area.
The DOC is intended to be a fallback appellation for smaller and more rigid appellations while also offering more flexible production rules in terms of grapes used and winemaking practices.
There is a high degree of experimentation occurring within this DOC.

173
Q

What styles of wine are produced in the Monferrato DOC?

A

It produces a wide range of wines and wine styles from native and international grapes.
This is the only appellation within the sub-region that allows the extensive use of international varieties. International varieties can be vinified as blends (with or without native grapes) or as single varietals. These wines can only be labeled as rosso or bianco.

Single-varietal wines are also made from native varieties: Dolcetto, Freisa, Nebbiolo, and Cortese.

A rosato style called Ciaret (or Chiaretto) is also produced, based on several native & international grapes.

174
Q

What are the most popular international varieties used in wines produced under Monferrato DOC?

A

-Cabernet Sauvignon
-Merlot
-Pinot Nero
-Chardonnay
-Sauvignon Blanc

175
Q

What are the most common native varieties grown in Monferrato DOC?

A

-Dolcetto
-Freisa
-Nebbiolo
-Barbera
-Cortese
-Favorita

176
Q

What is Monferrato Casalese Cortese DOC?

A

A sub-zone in the Monferrato DOC dedicated exclusively to Cortese that covers a large part of eastern of Basso Monferrato.

177
Q

When was the Piemonte DOC created?

A

The broad regional DOC that covers the entire Piemontese winegrowing area was approved in 1994 in order to give a home to all the vineyards falling outside of the existing DOC and DOCG zones of production.

178
Q

What is the significance of the Piemonte DOC?

A

The DOC gives producers more flexibility in terms of grapes, winemaking practices and wine styles and also serves as a fallback appellation for several of the smaller appellations.

179
Q

What grape varieties are used in wines from Piemonte DOC?

A

The list is quite vast; among the most common are:
-Barbera
-Brachetto
-Grignolino
-Chardonnay
-Cortese
-Moscato

180
Q

What styles of wine are produced under Piemonte DOC?

A

-blends
-single-varietals
-dry
-sweet
-still
-sparkling

181
Q

What is Vigneti di Montagna?

A

A specific designation under the Piemonte DOC for wines that are produced from high altitude (min 1,600ft/500m in elevation), terraced vineyards with min of a 30% gradient.

Vigneti di Montagna means “vineyards of the mountain.”

Italian Wine Scholar: Northern Italy (21 decks)

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