Friuli Venezia Giulia Flashcards
1
Q
Where is Friuli Venezia Giulia located?
A
This small autonomous region is in northeast Italy, wedged between Austria (to the north), Slovenia (to the east) and the rest of the Italian peninsula making it a nexus of Italian, German and Slavic cultures.
Topographically, it is situated between the Alps (to the north) and the Adriatic Sea (to the south).
The confluence of diverse peoples and traditions has shaped the Friuli of today, as well as its wines.
2
Q
Why is Friuli Venezia Giulia considered the birthplace of modern Italian white winemaking?
A
In the late 1960s, a small group of inspired producers began crafting clean, fresh and fruity white wines - a monumental shift from the tired, oxidized versions that had been largely produced prior.
3
Q
What is at the base of Friuli’s success?
A
A focus on single-varietal wines from both native varieties and international grapes that have been acclimatizing and/or thriving in this part of Italy since the 1800s.
4
Q
What influences contribute to Friuli’s ability to make wines of aromatic purity and clean varietal expression coupled with depth, complexity and structure?
A
1) a wide range of distinctive grapes
2) high quality standards
3) open experimentation
4) a combination of modern and traditional winemaking practices
5) a remarkable terroir graced with a particularly suitable climate and soil
5
Q
Name the best districts for Italian white wines in Friuli whose bottlings regularly receive the highest scores by the most important Italian wine critics.
A
1) Collio
2) Friuli Colli Orientali
3) Friuli Isonzo
6
Q
Name the 2 historically renowned sweet wines produced in Friuli.
A
1) Picolit
2) Ramandolo
Both wines are regaining the tremendous prestige they held in centuries past.
7
Q
The name Friuli Venezia Giulia is composed of 2 parts. What is the significance of this?
A
The region is composed of Friuli and Venezia Giulia. Until 2001 the region was called Friuli -Venezia Giuli. The hyphen was used to highlight the difference between Friuli and Venezia Giulia - 2 historic regions with different languages, cultures and traditions.
Note: the hypen continues to be a debated subject and several sources still write the name of the region using the hyphen. Both are considered correct.
8
Q
Where does Friuli get its name from?
A
Its from the latin for “Forum Iulii” the modern day city of Cividale del Friuli, founded by Julius Caesar in 50 BC.
9
Q
Where does Venezia Giulia get its name from?
A
The name “Venezia Giulia” was introduced in 1863 by the Kingdom of Italy to identify the part of eastern Friuli under Austrian rule at the time but historically considered Italian territory.
Venezia Giulia combined the name of the ancient Roman province covering northeast Italy and Slovenia, “Venetia et Histria,” and the Julian Alps, the Alpine mountain ranges named after Julius Caesar.
10
Q
How long have vines been grown in Friuli?
A
Since well before the Romans arrived in the 2nd century BC.
When the Roman city of Aquileia was founded in 181BC, the region became an important center of wine production, supplying both the northeastern peninsula as well as Rome itself.
11
Q
According to Pliny the Elder, which local wine of Friuli was preferred by Livia Augusta, wife of Augustus Caesar?
A
Pucinum
This varietal has been linked to one of the native, red Refosco varieties, however this remains difficult to prove.
12
Q
Why is Friuli Venezia Giulia considered geographically important?
A
Due to its position on the Adriatic Sea and its proximity to the Alps. Its position, where northern and eastern Europe joins the Italian peninsula, has made it an important crossroad.
13
Q
How did Friuli fair under the rule of the Roman Empire?
A
Friuli flourished.
Aquileia became the fourth-largest Roman city on the peninsula and the center of trade to all points north.
14
Q
What contributed to the deterioration of Friuli’s position and strength?
A
It began with the decline of the Roman Empire.
Attila the Hun leveled the city of Aquileia in 452 AD.
After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, Friuli was successively invaded and dominated by the Byzantines, the Lombards, and the Franks (under Charlemagne).
It eventually became part of the Holy Roman Empire.
15
Q
When did parts of Friuli regain independence?
A
In 1077, the western and central part of the region was granted independence by the Holy Roman Emperor, thanks to the loyalty to the Emperor.
It then became the important and influential Patriarchate of Aquileia (a political-religious entity administered by a Bishop). The Patriarchate was incorporated into the Venezia Republic in 1420.
16
Q
What happened to the eastern part of Friuli, historically?
A
The modern-day provinces of Gorizia and Trieste remained under the control of the Holy Romany Empire, but Austria gradually acquired the territory through partial annexations until it acquired the entire eastern portion of Friuli.
In 1797, Venezia officially ceded the rest (the western and central portions) of Friuli to the Austrian Empire.
17
Q
How did Friuli fair under the Austrians?
A
Friuli prospered; wine production increased and much wine was shipped north to the Austrian Empire.
In 1891, Gorizia hosted the 4th Austrian Oentological Congress where the Empire’s leading winegrowing experts gathered to discuss phylloxera and other viticultural issues.
18
Q
When did Friuli become a part of the Kingdom of Italy?
A
The western and central portion of Friuli became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1866.
The eastern part, referred to as Venezia Giulia since the 1860s, remained under Austria’s control until the end of WWI. In 1919 it was joined to the Kingdom of Italy.
19
Q
When was the Rauscedo grapevine nursery established?
A
Between the 1920s and 1930s, in Friuli’s Pordenone province. Within a few short decades, it quickly became one of Italy’s most successful grapevine nurseries.
Today, Rauscado is the largest grapevine nursery in the world and is internationally recognized for the reliability and quality of its stock. It produces more than 60 million grafted vine plants annually.
20
Q
How did WWI and WWII affect Friuli?
A
They wreaked havoc and destruction on this region and interrupted the development of its wine industry.
On the road to recovery, Friuli Venezia Giulia was officially given autonomy in 1963, just as the region’s white wine revolution was about to begin.
21
Q
What is the Tre Venezie or Triveneto?
A
It is the historic and geographic area that corresponds to the whole of northeast Italy and its 3 administrative regions:
1) Veneto
2) Trentino-Alto Adige
3) Friuli Venezia Giulia
22
Q
What is peculiar about Friuli vineyard plantings that is due to Friuli and Slovenia once being united under the Austrian Empire?
A
Some Friulian vineyards lie across the border in Slovenia. These vineyards are included within the wine appellations of Friuli.
23
Q
The region of Friuli Venezia Giulia is administratively divided into which 4 provinces?
A
1) Pordenone
2) Udine
3) Gorizia
4) Trieste (Capital of the region)
24
Q
Friuli can be divided into what 4 principal topographical belts or divisions?
A
These belts run parallel to each other west to east but are stacked from north to south:
1) The Alps & Prealps
2) The Eastern Hills
3) The Central Alluvial Plain
4) The Lower Coastal Plain
25
Where is the Alps & Prealps division located?
The east-west arcing mountainous area separates Friuli from Austria in the north and Slovenia to the east.
There are 2 main mountain ranges:
1) the Carnic Alps (west)
2) the Julian Alps (east)
Vine growing is not possible here due to the harsh Alpine climate.
The Prealps form a lower altitude mountain range running parallel to the Alps.
Overall, Alps and Prealps account for 42% of the entire territory.
26
Where is the Eastern Hills division located?
The narrow band of hills on the east side of the region runs from Tarcento to Gorizia.
The best vineyard sites and appellations are situated here.
27
Where is the Central Alluvial Plain division located?
This large and fertile plain occupies most of the central part of the region.
28
Where is the Lower Coastal Plains division located?
This plain faces the lagoons of Marano and Grado. Beyond the lagoons lies the Adriatic Sea. The southeastern section of the coast, known as Carso, is a stretch of high and rocky cliffs overlooking the Gulf of Trieste.
29
What are the topographical features in Friuli that influence the climate?
Friuli's position between the Alps and the Adriatic Sea makes it subject to an interplay between cool Alpine air from the north and warmer Adriatic Sea breezes blowing inland from the south. The Alps protect the region from the cold northerly winds, while the moderating influence of the sea reduces the impact of what would otherwise be a continental climate.
Because Friuli is small, these influences mingle to deliver a mild, temperate climate overall.
30
What is the weather like in Friuli?
Substantial annual rainfall; precipitation levels range from 35in/900mm on the coast to 55-60in/1,400-1,500mm where the plains meet the Prealps.
A cold winter wind from the east called the Bora hits the region with force (particularly the Gulf of Trieste) often exceeding a speed of 90mi/150km per hour.
Air movement is continuous as Alpine air masses and inland sea breezes vie for dominance, resulting in and interplay that reduces overall humidity and mitigates summer heat allowing for the slow and even maturation of fruit. The grapes are able to maintain acidity and develop complex aromas.
31
Name the most important rivers descending from the Alps to empty into the Adriatic Sea.
From west to east:
1) Livenza
2) Tagliamento
3) Isonzo
4) Natisone
Thanks to these rivers, the region has an abundance of water.
32
Name the 3 important soil types that correspond to specific areas within Friuli.
1) Sand, clay and gravel: found in the alluvial plains and represents deposits left by retreating glaciers and flooding rivers. These plains are sub-divided into:
-the high central plain: extremely permeable due to a high gravel/stone content
-the low coastal plain: more fertile and less well-drained, due to a higher content of clay
2) Sandstone and calcareous marls (alternating layers): found in the eastern hills of Friuli. These soils are well-drained, friable, poor and very suitable for quality viticulture. Technically referred to as Flysch of Cormons (a village in eastern Friuli), but locally known as ponca soils. These soils were formed 35-55 million years ago when the area was covered by seawater. Over time, slow sedimentation produced the distinctive alternating layers of marl and sandstone.
3) Limestone plateau: in the southeastern corner of Friuli, between the Adriatic Sea and Slovenia, lies a narrow strip of limestone plateau known as the Carso. On top of this limestone sub-soil is a very thin layer of iron-rich sand and clay.
33
What percentage of Friuli are mountains, plains or hills?
-42% mountains
-38% plains
-20% hills
34
What variety type accounts for the majority of plantings in Friuli?
White varieties account for more than 70% of the total vineyard area.
Red varieties, though accounting for less than 30%, are increasing in importance and plantings are on the rise.
35
How ancient are the origins of the indigenous grape varieties grown in Friuli?
They trace back to at least the 12th and 13th centuries.
Several of these grapes have a strong connection to a very specific and limited winegrowing area. Most are not grown anywhere else in Italy.
While the majority of the indigenous varieties are white, native reds are becoming increasingly important to top producers who are working enthusiastically to exploit their high potential.
36
Which international varieties have deep roots in Friuli?
-Pinot Grigio
-Pinot Bianco
-Chardonnay
-Sauvignon Blanc
-Merlot
-Cabernet Franc
All introduced in the 1800s before phylloxera arrived. After phylloxera, they took precedence over the local grapes because they were easier to grow. Today, the represent some of the finest wines produced in Friuli.
37
Which varieties grown in Friuli are of Germanic origin?
-Riesling
-Welschriesling
-Blaufrankisch
Introduced in the 15th century while Friuli was under Austrian rule. Today, although playing a minor role, they contribute to Friuli's vineyard diversity.
38
Which varieties grown in the eastern part of Friuli that are also found in Slovenia and Croatia?
-Vitovska
-Terrano
-Malvasia Istriana
These varieties are considered native to both Friuli and the Slavic countries.
39
Name the native and traditional white grapes of Friuli.
1) Friulano (Tocai Friulano)
2) Ribolla Gialla
3) Malvasia Istriana
4) Picolit
5) Verduzzo Friulano
6) Vitovska
Others:
-Glera
-Glera Lung
-Manzoni Bianco
40
Where is the Friulano grape native to?
Historically, it was considered to be native to Friuli. Its presence has been documented since the 12th century.
In the 1990s, DNA studies proved the grape to be identical to Sauvignasse (a variety native to the Gironde).
Friulano is now considered to be the "traditional" white grape of Friuli.
41
Which is the third-most widely planted variety?
Friulano, representing more than 8% of the total area under vine.
42
How has Friulano been vinified in the past?
As an everyday wine, serving as the "house wine" of the local trattorie.
Quality-conscious producers have now given Friulano more serious focus and are making high-quality dry white wines.
43
What are the characteristics of Friulano wines?
Light- to medium-bodied with subtle aromas of grass, white flowers and green apple. It often has an herbal or almond accent with hints of stone fruit.
The best examples usually have a dense texture.
44
What food pairs well with Friulano?
Pairs perfectly with the famous locally produced Prosciutto di San Daniele.
45
Wines made from Friulano used to be labeled as Tocai Friulano. When did this change and why?
In 2007, the word "Tocai" was removed after the EU accepted the request of Hungary's Tokaji producers seeking to protect their name.
The grape is still officially recorded in the Italian National Grape Registry as Tocai Fruilano, but the word Tocai can no longer appear on labels.
In Veneto, Friulano (grape & wine) are now called Tai or Tai Bianco.
46
How long has Ribolla Gialla been grown in Friuli?
This ancient variety has been grown in the eastern hills of Friuli on the Slovenian border since (at least) the 13th century.
47
Where is the traditional home of the Ribolla Gialla varietal?
The area of Collio, around the town of Oslavia.
48
How widely planted is Ribolla Gialla in Friulia?
As one of the region's most distinctive wines, it represents 2% of vineyard land.
Previously, the grape was widely planted but fell out of favour after phylloxera. In the 1990s, it accounted for less than 1% of Friuli's DOC production. This changed thanks to the efforts of producers with high respect for the native grapes.
49
What are the characteristics of wines made from Ribolla Gialla?
The wines are light- to medium-bodied and high in acidity with delicate aromas of flowers, citrus, apple and honey. This flavour profile is combined with mineral, spice and nutty-waxy notes.
Ribolla Gialla is very versatile, producing light, crisp and unoaked bottlings as well as more complex structured wines aged in wood.
50
How were wines made from Ribolla Gialla traditionally made?
The grape was fermented on its skins and aged, producing wines with a strong phenolic and oxidative character. This style is still produced today.
51
How long has Malvasia Istriana been growing in Friuli?
It has been documented since the 13th century. Although, the name suggests that the grape originated in Istria, the northwestern Croatian peninsula once belonging to Italy.
52
What style of wine is produced from Malvasia Istriana?
Malvasia Istriana is a member of the Malvasia group and produces some of Italy's finest examples of dry Malvasia, particularly when grown in the eastern hills of Friuli or along the Carso plateau. Here, it is able to express more fragrance, higher alcohol levels and longer aging potential because of the terroir, meso-climate and careful attention of producers.
53
What are the characteristics of Malvasia Istriana wines?
It shows a nose of fresh stone fruit, honey and spice. The palate offers minerality and crisp acidity.
54
How is Malvasia Istriana labeled?
Malvasia
55
How long has the Picolit variety been cultivated in Friuli?
This ancient variety has been grown here since Roman times. The area surrounding the town of Rosazzo is believed to be the vine's place of origin.
56
What style of wine has Picolit produced since Roman times?
Sweet wines of historic renown.
57
What issues does the Picolit variety present in the vineyard?
Picolit is highly prone to grape shatter leaving sparse bunches with fewer and smaller (but sweeter) berries. This results in very tiny yields. The vine performs best in hillside vineyards.
58
What are the characteristics of wines produced from Picolit?
The sweet wines are elegant and complex with typical aromas of flowers (orange blossom, acacia), honey, stone fruit, dried fruit and hay.
59
What does the name Picolit refer to?
Either:
-the variety's tendency to produce small yields
-the small size of its berries
60
How ancient is the Verduzzo Friulano grape?
This ancient grape is of uncertain origin, but its cultivation in Friuli dates back at least to 1409 when Verduzzo Friulano wines were included in the list of wines served to Pope Gregory XII.
61
What are the 2 sub-varieties of Verduzzo Friulano?
1) Verduzzo Giallo (yellow)
-considered the better quality variety
-grown on hillside vineyards
-produces distinctive sweet wines.
2) Verduzzo Verde (green)
-largely grown on the flat plains
-principally used to produce dry or off-dry simple white wines
62
How do the characteristics of the wines produced from both sub-varieties of Verduzzo Friulano compare?
Verduzzo Giallo (yellow):
-rich aromas and flavours
-honey
-stone fruit
-tropical fruit
-almond and nuts.
-sweet
Verduzzo Verde (green):
-floral
-almond
-citrus
-finishes on a bitter note
-dry to off-dry
63
Where is the Vitovska variety native to?
It is generally considered to be a native variety of both eastern Friuli and Slovenia, as it was historically only cultivated in Carso (in the province of Trieste) and in Slovenia.
Although, this variety is of clear Slavic origin.
64
What happened to Vitovska during the 20th century?
It almost disappeared, but was saved from extinction in the 1980s by Carso producers such as Kante and Zidarich.
65
What are the characteristics of wines produced from Vitovska?
High-quality wines that are fresh and delicate with aromas of white flowers, pear, hay, sage and almond. It demonstrates lightly honey and balsamic notes, crisp acidity and a pronounced minerality.
66
What are the Native and Traditional red grapes of Friuli?
1) Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso
2) Pignolo
3) Schioppettino
4) Tazzelenghe
5) Terrano
Others:
-Refosco Nostrano (Refosco di Faedis)
67
What is significant about the Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso grape?
It is an ancient grape, regarded as the finest of the large Refosco group of varieties.
It is considered the traditional red grape of Friuli.
68
Where is the Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso variety native to?
The Carso area; however it is widely grown throughout the entire region.
69
What does "dal Peduncolo Rosso" mean?
"From the red stem" because the stalk of the Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso varietal becomes red when the grapes are ripe.
70
What are the characteristics of wines produced from Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso?
Deep in colour with aromas of red flowers, dark fruit (plum, blackberry), almond, herbs, forest floor and spice.
It is medium- to full-bodied and high in both tannins and acidity.
71
What styles of wine are produced from Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso?
2 main styles:
1) light, fruity, and unoaked with vibrant acidity and
2) bold, ripe and structured
72
How does oak aging contribute to the wines of Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso?
Oak aging helps smooth the tannic and angular character of Refosco.
Care must be taken not to overpower the wine with too much wood.
73
Which French variety was Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso previously mistaken to be associated with?
The French Mondeuse Noire. DNA profiling has revealed the two to be unrelated.
It is instead related to Marzemino.
74
How long has the Pignolo variety been documented?
This high quality grape has been in documented cultivation since the 17th century.
75
What is the story behind the Pignolo variety?
It almost became extinct in the second half of the 20th century. In the late 1970s, only a few ungrafted vines remained. These survivors were planted against a lone wall of the ancient Abbey of Rosazzo. Cuttings were taken from those vines and used to propagate and replant this grape variety.
Today, plantings remain small but interest in this grape is growing.
76
What are the characteristics of Pignolo wines?
Deep in colour with aromas of berry fruit, plums, spices and herbs. It is dense and full-bodied, with good acidity and ample, but smooth tannins. Its powerful structure makes it well-suited for barrel aging.
As a rule, Pignolo needs a few years of bottle age to soften and develop further complexity.
77
Where does the Pignolo name come from?
From the Italian word pigna (pine cone) because of the compact shape and small size of the grape cluster. It actually looks like a pine cone!
78
What is another name for the Schioppettino grape?
Ribolla Nera
79
How ancient is the Schioppettino variety?
This native variety has been in documented cultivation since the 13th century.
80
What is the history of the Schioppettino grape?
It is not a particularly easy grape to grow and this trait almost resulted in its demise, post-phylloxera.
Schioppettino was rescued in the 1970s by the Mayor of Prepotto and the Rapuzzi family in Cialla.
Today, plantings are increasing as top producers have recognized the great potential of this variety.
81
What are the characteristics of Schioppettino wines?
Deeply coloured with intense aromas of flowers and black fruit atop a spicy-peppery core. They are powerful, dense and structured with high acidity and tannins.
82
How does Schioppettino age?
It can age well. Over time, it develops a silky complexity complemented by notes of forest floor, smoke and tar.
83
What does "schioppettino" mean?
"Crackling," and it is believed to reference either:
-the crunchy berries that crackle in the mouth or
-the re-fermentation that made the wine slightly sparkling.
84
Where are plantings of Tazzelenghe found in Friuli?
Plantings are tiny and are mainly located in the hills of Colli Orientali around Buttrio, Manzano and Cividale.
85
What does Tazzelenghe mean?
In local dialect, it means "tongue cutter," referencing the wine's high acidity and tannin.
86
What are the characteristics of Tazzelenghe wines?
Deep purple in colour and aromas of violet, black fruit, forest floor and tar. The wines are very acidic and tannic. This structure allows the wines to age well and indeed, bottle age is necessary to smooth out its rough edges.
87
Which variety was the Terrano grape previously confused with?
Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso; recent studies have proven that, although related, Terrano is a distinct variety.
88
Where is the historic winegrowing area of the Terrano grape?
It lies in the rocky, limestone plateau of Carso (shared between Italy and Slovenia).
Most of this grape is planted here and this is where the best examples are made and where the grape shines.
89
What are the characteristics of Terrano wines?
Purple-ruby in colour with aromas of flowers and black fruit. They are medium- to full-bodied, tannic, mineral and high in acidity.
90
Name the international white grapes found in Friuli.
1) Pinot Grigio
2) Sauvignon Blanc
3) Chardonnay
4) Pinot Bianco
Others:
-Riesling
-Gewurztraminer (locally called Traminer Aromatico)
-Muller Thurgau
-Welschriesling (Riesling Italico)
91
Which varietal is the most widely planted grape in Friuli?
Pinot Grigio
92
What styles of wine are produced from Pinot Grigio in Friuli?
The grape is largely produced in a simple, easy-drinking and refreshing style.
But, more serious versions similar to Alsatian Pinot Gris are also made (particularly in the eastern hills). These high quality Pinot Grigios show the full potential of the variety; the wines are expressive, rich, round and full-bodied with floral and nutty aromas.
93
What is Sauvignon Blanc called in Friuli?
Sauvignon
94
Where are some of Italy's most successful versions of Sauvignon Blanc produced?
In the eastern hills where they are racy, clean and demonstrate a lovely purity of fruit that ranges from citrus to grassy to peachy-tropical. The wines usually display a distinctive depth of flavour, richness and texture while maintaining finesse and elegance.
95
When did Chardonnay bottlings begin to appear in Friuli?
In the 1960s.
96
What styles of wine are produced from Chardonnay in Friuli?
A range of styles from
-refreshing, fruity, mineral unoaked versions to
-lightly oaked and spicy
The best examples are produced in a creamy, mineral style.
It is often a major component of superior white blends known as "super-whites."
97
When was Pinot Bianco brought to northeastern Italy and by who?
By the Austrians in the first half of the 1800s.
The grape was widely planted but lost ground to Pinot Grigio and Chardonnay in the 1990s.
98
What are the characteristics of Pinot Bianco wines in Friuli?
Crisp, light, fruity and slightly nutty.
99
Where would you find some of the best Pinot Bianco wines in Friuli?
The hills of eastern Friuli.
100
Name the international red grapes grown in Friuli.
1) Merlot
2) Cabernet Franc
3) Cabernet Sauvignon
Others:
-Pinot Nero
-Carmenere
-Malbec
-Blaufrankisch (locally called Franconia)
101
Which is the second-most widely planted grape variety in Friuli?
Merlot
102
When was the Merlot grape introduced to Friuli?
In the second half of the 1800s and it has adapted well to the region's gravelly plains.
Today, Friuli is one of Italy's major production areas for Merlot.
103
What styles of wine are produced from Merlot in Friuli?
The great majority is bottled in a soft, fruity and easy-drinking style.
Some producers focus on high-quality examples that are dense, rich, complex and concentrated.
Both styles can be produced as single varietal or blended usually with Cabernet Franc.
104
Of the 3 red Bordeaux varieties grown in Friuli, which one performs the best?
Merlot
105
When was Cabernet Franc introduced to Fruili?
In the second half of the 1800s.
Today, it is one of the most widely planted red grapes in Friuli.
106
What styles of wine are produced from Cabernet Franc in Friuli?
It usually produces a light and fragrant style with red fruit aromas, earthy notes and an herbaceous edge.
It is made as a single varietal, but when blended, is often partnered with Merlot.
107
What varietals may be included in a wine labeled as Cabernet in Friuli?
Including (and/or):
-Cabernet Franc
-Cabernet Sauvignon
-Carmenere
108
How well does Cabernet Sauvignon do in Friuli?
It is less successful and less widely planted than Merlot and Cabernet Franc because is has trouble fully ripening in Friuli's temperate climate. However the effects of climate change have eased that difficulty in recent years.
109
What styles of wine are produced from Cabernet Sauvignon in Friuli?
The majority of bottlings are produced in a light and straight-forward style with a noticeable herbaceous character.
Top examples can be divided into:
-smoky, restrained Bordeaux styles
-those that are richer, riper and more powerful versions, hinting of the New World.
110
Rank the varieties grown in Friuli from most widely planted to least.
1) Pinot Grigio (21%)
2) Merlot (15%)
3) Friulano (8%)
4) Chardonnay (7%)
5) Sauvignon (7%)
6) Cabernet Franc (6%)
7) Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso (4%)
8) Cabernet Sauvignon (3%)
Others (29%)
111
What vine training systems are used in the plains of Friuli?
Sylvoz and Casarsa are the dominant systems used in the plains.
With the acception of Friuli Isonzo DOC; although flat, this growing area mostly trains its vines in Cappuccina and Guyot.
112
What vine training systems are used in the eastern hills of Friuli?
Cappuccina (a variant of Guyot) and Guyot are the main training systems.
A few producers have also re-introduced the Alberello for grapes such as Ribolla Gialla and Vitovska.
113
Who is Mario Schiopetto and what is his contribution to winemaking in Friuli?
Schiopetto, a Collio producer in the late 1960s, set the standards for modern white winemaking in Italy. (followed by other producers such as Livio Felluga) Influenced by the winemaking practices of Germany, he:
-introduced temperature controlled fermentation
-stainless steel
-refrigerator units
-pneumatic presses
-sterile bottling
Schiopetto took every precaution to avoid oxygen contact with wine.
114
How was white wine production reshaped in Friuli within the vineyards?
-Introduction of higher planting densities
-Harvest parameters that aim for optimal ripeness
115
What style of wine was produced from the technical approach introduced during the white wine revolution?
Fresh, clean and aromatic bottlings with expressive varietal character.
MLF was avoided and no oak regimen was employed.
116
Which cellars in Friuli are recognized for being among the most modern and technologically advanced wineries in Italy?
-Collio
-Colli Orientali del Friuli
117
What grape varieties were used to produce the new white wine style?
Mostly international grapes, in particular:
-Pinot Bianco
-Pinot Grigio
-Sauvignon
-Chardonnay
-Tocai Friulano
-Malvasia Istriana
118
What influences help Friuli produce concentrated wines with an extra layer of richness?
-Advances in the cellars
-Better vineyard management
-Temperate climate
119
When was the "Fruili style" of white wine imitated?
As of the 1990s, "Friuli style" was adopted by other Italian white wine regions hoping to challenge Friuli''s success.
120
What set's Friuli wine producers apart from other white wine producers?
The people of Friuli have a natural predilection for detail and an eagerness to experiment. They continue to refine best practices in both the vineyard and the cellar.
-yields are tweaked and lowered
-re-defining high-density plantings
-pick riper grapes
-use less sulphur
-working with gravity flow (vs. pumps)
-experiment with oak fermentation & aging
-developing new and original blends
121
Who are Josko Gravner and Stanko Radikon? What is their contribution to winemaking in Friuli?
They are controversial Collio producers who have adopted a philosophical approach based on traditional winemaking techniques with minimal intervention. This involves making white wine with red winemaking techniques such as prolonged skin maceration and long periods of maturation in large neutral oak.
Gravner re-introduced the use of classic vessels like amphorae.
The wines are deep yellow gold in colour with a certain level of oxidation and a strong phenolic character. They are referred to as orange wines.
122
Who is Jermann and what is his contribution to winemaking in Friuli?
Jerman was a wine producer who created Vintage Tunina in the late 1970s. It is a complex blend of native and international white grapes that became iconic among Friuli's superior white blends. This created the category of the Super-Whites.
Jermann inspired several other producers throughout the 1980s and 1990s, particularly in the DOCs of Collio and Friuli Colli Orientali.
123
Which varieties are commonly used in Super-Whites?
-Friulano
-Ribolla Gialla
-Malvasia Istriana
-Picolit
-Chardonnay
-Sauvignon
-Riesling
-Pinot Bianco
-Pinot Grigio
Often in combination.
124
Super-Whites produced in Friuli can be broadly divided into 2 main categories. How are they described?
1) intensely aromatic, racy blends fermented in stainless steel.
2) richer, barrel fermented and barrel aged blends that sometimes incorporate late-harvest fruit to add more depth and complexity.
Both styles tend to have longer aging potential.
125
How are super-whites usually labeled?
Under the bianco category within the DOCs of:
-Collio
-Friuli Colli Orientali
and
-Venezia Giulia IGT
126
How is it evident that Friuli has improved their wine production since before the 1960s?
Previously, Friuli was a wine region known for the production of bulk wine.
Today, Friuli has among the highest proportion of DOC wine production in Italy. DOC level wine represents more than 40% of the wines produced in Friuli. IGT wines account for the rest.
127
How much total area is under vine in Friuli?
57,000ac/23,000ha
128
Who owns the majority of wineries and vineyards?
Most of the wineries are family-owned and the average producer is small to medium in size with an average vineyard holding of 6ac/2.5ha.
There are only a few cooperatives and they play a marginal role in the region's total wine production.
129
How many DOCGs and DOCs are there in Friulil?
4 DOCGs
12 DOCs
130
How large are the DOCs in Friuli?
Only the Friuli Grave DOC is large by national standards.
The other appellations tend to be small to medium, in both size and production numbers.
131
How are single-varietal wines labeled in Friuli?
With the appellation's name followed by the name of the grape (e.g. Collio Ribolla Gialla DOC).
132
How is it that each DOC is sub-divided into a large number of single-varietal wines in Friuli?
There is a wide range of native and international grapes grown here. It is not uncommon for small and medium estates to produce ten different wines each year.
However, producers have begun to focus only on the most suitable grapes for their area by using those varieties that have historically performed the best in their respective terroirs.
133
Name the 3 main sub-regions of Friuli's appellations.
1) Central Plains
2) Coastal Plains
3) Eastern Friuli
134
What have most of the appellations of Friuli done in order to increase regional identity and consumer awareness?
Appellation names are now preceded by the word "Friuli" on wine labels.
Only the DOCs of Collio and Carso decided against adding the word "Friuli" to their appellation name.
The Lison DOCG & the DOCs of Lison-Pramaggiore and Prosecco do not have this labeling option, as they are inter-regional DOC/Gs shared with Veneto.
135
Where are the appellations of the Central Plains located?
On the alluvial plains that stretch from the Veneto border to the hills of eastern Friuli. They are north of the coastal plains.
136
Name the appellations of the Central Plains.
1) Friuli Grave DOC
2) Lison DOCG
3) Lison-Pramaggiore DOC
137
How large is Friuli Grave DOC?
This is the largest DOC in Friuli, both in terms of area under vine and in production.
It accounts for more than one-third of Friuli's total wine production.
138
Where did Friuli Grave get its name?
Like Graves in Bordeaux, the word "grave" is derived from the gravelly soil that characterizes the area.
Note: Friuli Grave was previously called Grave del Friuli but is often simply referred to as Grave.
139
What are the features of the viticultural landscape in Friuli Grave DOC?
Vineyards are interspersed with magredi - flat expanses where low grasses grow on arid beds of gravel and pebbles. The vineyards are typically bordered by hedges, a distinctive feature of Grave's viticultural landscape.
140
Where is Friuli Grave DOC located?
Graves occupies the majority of Friuli's central plain and is administratively located within the provinces of Pordenone and Udine. The appellation is bisected by the Tagliamento River.
141
Name Friuli's largest and most important river.
Tagliamento River; it runs south from the Julian Alps and empties into the Adriatic Sea.
142
What is the climate in Friuli Grave DOC?
Due to the sheer physical size of the DOC, there is a certain level of climatic variation within the appellation.
The northern section is cooler due to the proximity to the Alps.
The southern section is warmer due to the proximity of the Adriatic.
143
What are the soil types found in Friuli Grave DOC?
Most of the vineyards lie on a flat alluvial plain, though the appellation does include a small hilly area (a glacial moraine) in the northeast.
Soils are comprised of sand and gravels with a high limestone content.
There is more gravel in the north.
Finer textured soils in the south (higher proportion of sand, silt and clay).
Overall, the soils are excessively well-drained and irrigation is a necessity.
144
How does the soil in Friuli Grave DOC contribute to the development of the grapes?
The stony-gravelly soils reflect light onto the vines during the day and absorb and redistribute heat to the vines in the evening, assisting in ripening.
145
What red varieties are planted in Friuli Grave DOC?
Grave is predominantly planted to red varieties:
-Merlot (main red grape)
-Cabernet Franc
-Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso
-Cabernet Sauvignon
146
What styles of red wine are produced in Friuli Grave DOC?
-single-varietal
-blends
A large proportion of wine is made and sold in bulk as fruity, easy-drinking, everyday wine.
There are also high-quality producers who make more structured and concentrated reds aged in barrique.
147
Which white varietals are planted in Friuli Grave DOC?
-Friulano
-Pinot Bianco
-Verduzzo Friulano
-Pinot Grigio
-Chardonnay
-Sauvignon Blanc
-Pinot Bianco
148
Which 2 white varietals perform exceptionally well on the gravelly soils of Friuli Grave DOC?
-Sauvignon Blanc
-Pinot Bianco
149
What style of white wine is produced in Friuli Grave DOC?
Fresh & aromatic:
-spumante
-frizzante
-novello
-riserva
150
What is Lison?
Lison is an ancient Roman town famed for its wine from the height of the Roman Empire to the days of the Venetian Republic.
151
What areas does the Lison DOCG cover?
This inter-regional appellation lies in both Friuli and Veneto between the Livenza Tagliamento rivers.
It occupies a strip of land running parallel to the Veneto border in the southwestern corner of Friuli. The zone of production lies within the province of Pordenone and covers six communes. Most of the DOCG lies in Veneto.
152
What style of wine is produced under Lison DOCG?
A Friulano-based white.
153
What are the characteristics of Lison DOCG wines?
Crisp and mineral with aromas of white flowers and green fruit. It often has a distinctive note of almond on the finish.
154
What area does the Lison-Pramaggiore DOC cover?
This inter-regional DOC is shared with Veneto and covers the exact same geographical area as the Lison DOCG.
155
What styles of wine are produced under Lison-Pramaggiore DOC?
Mostly single varietals made in a fresh, light and easy-drinking style.
156
Which varietals are used in the wines of Lison-Pramaggiore DOC?
Single-varietal wines are produced using the following grapes, among the most distinctive:
-Merlot
-Cabernet Franc
-Refosco
Other wines include:
-Sauvignon
-Chardonnay
-Pinot Bianco
-Pinot Grigio
-Verduzzo Friulano
157
Where are the appellations of the Coastal Plains located?
On the southern part of Friuli, facing the Adriatic Sea. The DOCs here are small, both in terms of area under vine and in production.
158
What is the climate in the Coastal Plains?
Mild mediterranean, due to its proximity to the Adriatic Sea, characterized by beneficial sea breezes that moderate summer heat and keep the vineyards ventilated.
159
What soil types are found in the Coastal Plains?
Fertile alluvial soils composed of sand, clay and gravel.
160
Name the appellations found in the Coastal Plains.
1) Friuli Latisana DOC
2) Friuli Annia DOC
3) Friuli Aquileia DOC
161
Where is Friuli Latisana DOC located?
Latisana is in the south-central portion of Friuli in the province of Udine between the DOCs of Lison-Pramaggiore and Friuli Annia.
The western border is delineated by the Tagliamento River.
162
What is Friuli Latisana DOC famous for?
The coast is famous for its beaches, and is a major tourist attraction in the summertime.
The area has been known for wine production since the Roman times but gained particular fame in the 15th century when Venezia began importing these wines.
163
What are the soil types found in Friuli Latisana DOC?
The Latisana vineyards lie on low coastal plains atop fertile sandy-clay soils.
164
What style of wine is produced in Friuli Latisana DOC?
Mostly varietal wines made in a light, easy-drinking and refreshing style.
165
Which varietals are used in the production of Friuli Latisana DOC wines?
Red grapes account for the majority of the plantings. The most popular being:
-Merlot
-Cabernet Franc
-Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso
White grapes include:
-Friulano
-Malvasia Istriana
-Verduzzo Friulano
-Pinot Grigio
-Chardonnay
166
Where is Friuli Annia DOC located?
It is on the coast between the Friuli Latisana DOC (to the west) and the Friuli Aquileia DOC (to the east).
167
Where does the Friuli Annia region get its name?
After the Via Annia, the ancient Roman road linking the Roman city of Aquileia to the main thoroughfare for travelers, the via Emilia. Along the Via Annia, travelers could rest and enjoy the local wines.
168
Which town is most important to the region of Friuli Annia?
Marana Lagunare, which is located on the sea. It is home to the most important fish market in Friuli and boasts a high concentration of top-quality seafood restaurants.
169
How large is wine production in Friuli Annia DOC?
Being Friuli's smallest DOC, production is tiny.
170
What style of wine is produced in Friuli Annia DOC?
Fresh and flavoursome single-varietal white wines as well as some single-varietal red wines.
171
Which varietals are used to produce Friuli Annia DOC wines?
For single-varietal whites:
-Friulano
-Malvasia Istriana
-Verduzzo Friulano
-Sauvignon
Single varietal reds from:
-Merlot
-Cabernet Franc
-Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso
172
Where does Friuli Aquileia DOC get its name?
This DOC is named after the Roman city of Aquileia, founded in 181BC.
Under Emperor Augustus, Aquileia became a major supplier of wine for those living in the eastern Alps and around the Danube River.
According to Pliny the Elder, the legendary Pucinum wine hailed from the vineyards of Aquileia.
173
Where is Friuli Aquileia DOC located?
On the southeastern coast of Friuli between the DOCs of Friuli Annia and Friuli Isonzo.
The vineyards stretch from the Grado Lagoon on the coast up to the historic citadel of Palmanova 25mi/40km inland.
174
What are the soil types found in Friuli Aquileia DOC?
Principally comprised of gravels inland and sandy-clay near the lagoon.
175
What style of wine is produced in Friuli Aquileia DOC?
Light, refreshing and fragrant, red and white wines.
176
What varietals are used in the production of wines from Friuli Aquileia DOC?
Among the reds:
-Refosco (earned a good reputation)
White wines principally crafted from:
-Sauvignon
-Pinot Grigio
-Pinot Bianco
-Malvasia Istriana
-Traminer Aromatico (Gewurztraminer)
177
Where is the sub-region of Eastern Friuli located?
This area consists of a strip of land running parallel to the Slovenian border, from the northern Alps southward to the Friulian capital of Trieste.
The appellations are mostly positioned on a series of hills, however there is a stretch of vineyard along the Isonzo River where the sub-region becomes flatter before transitioning to hills again on the strip of coast that forms the Carso.
178
What is unique about the Eastern Friuli sub-region?
It has been a crossroads of Italian, Slavic and Germanic cultures for centuries creating a uniquely heterogeneous identity.
179
What influences do the topographical features in Eastern Friuli have on the local climate?
The entire sub-region benefits from the moderating influence of the Adriatic Sea and the northern, wind-blocking barrier of the Julian Alps
The northern areas tend to be cooler and more humid.
The southern reaches are milder and drier.
There are significant diurnal temperature swings throughout and summer rainstorms can turn into dangerous hailstorms.
180
Name the appellations of the Eastern Friuli sub-region.
1) Collio (or Collio Goriziano) DOC
2) Friuli Colli Orientali DOC
3) Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit DOCG
4) Ramandolo DOCG
5) Rosazzo DOCG
6) Friuli Isonzo (or Isonzo del Friuli) DOC
7) Carso (or Carso-Kras) DOC
181
How old are Collio DOC's vineyards?
They date back to pre-Roman times. They were of renown then and are held in high esteem now.
182
Which appellation in Friuli produces impressive white wines considered to be the finest in Friuli and are among the finest in Italy?
Collio DOC
183
Where is Collio DOC located?
The appellation lies within the province of Gorizia (Collio Goriziano DOC), encompassing the hills along the Slovenian border between the Judrio and Isonzo rivers.
The Adriatic is only 20mi/30km away and vineyards benefit from the sea breezes.
184
What is a major contributor to the meso-climate in Collio DOC?
Most of the vineyards are south-facing yet blanketed by cool Alpine air descending from the north. This interplay of cool Alpine air, warm, south-facing slopes and Adriatic Sea breezes, creates a unique meso-climate ideally suited to the growth of high-quality grapes.
185
When was the political border between Friuli and Slovenia shifted and what does this mean?
After WWII. This divided the vineyards of Collio between two countries. The Slovenian part of Collio is known as Brda (or Goriska Brda)
186
What does collio mean?
Hillside
187
How is Collio DOC true to its name?
This appellation is comprised of a succession of rounded, south-facing slopes.
188
What types of soils are found in Collio DOC?
Alternating layers of sandstone and calcareous marl (Flysch of Cormons).
Flysch of Cormons is known as "Ponca" soil.
189
How are vineyards in Collio DOC harvested?
Harvest is carried out by hand, due to the steepness of the hills.
190
What is ronchi in Friuli?
Ronchi (plural of ronco) are well-exposed, often terraced, sites.
The word ronco/ronchi is often used for the names of estates, vineyards or wines.
191
How large is Collio DOC?
In terms of vineyard area and production, Collio is one of the largest DOCs in Friuli.
192
How much of Collio DOC's total wine production is white?
More than 80%.
193
Name some of the most well-known sub-zones within Collio DOC.
1) Capriva del Friuli
2) Oslavia
3) San Floriano del Collio (considered the historic home of Ribolla Gialla & some of the best examples are produced here.)
These historic winegrowing sub-zones are recognized for high-quality wines. Although they are not officially recognized by DOC law, they have equity among consumers.
Others:
4) Dolegna del Collio
5) Ruttars
6) Brazzano
7) Plessiva
8) Cormons
9) Pradis
10) Mossa
11) Lucinico
12) Villanova
13) Farra d'Isonzo
194
What are the most widely planted varieties in Collio DOC?
1) Pinot Grigio (most widely planted)
2) Sauvignon
3) Friulano
195
Name some other white varieties of importance in Collio DOC.
-Ribolla Gialla
-Malvasia Istriana
-Chardonnay
-Pinot Bianco
196
What styles of wine are produced in Collio DOC?
There is great diversity among the wine styles of Collio.
1) Some wines focus on the pure varietal character of the grapes
2) Others are more structured and complex, incorporating barrel fermentation and/or barrel aging.
3) Some producers ferment and macerate on the skins, producing white wines with a strong phenolic character.
197
What varietal grown in Collio DOC is particularly suitable and traditionally used to produce orange wines?
Ribolla Gialla
198
Collio Bianco is the benchmark white blend of Collio. Which variety of grapes is it produced from?
1) Friulano
2) Ribolla Gialla
3) Malvasia Istriana
4) Picolit
5) Chardonnay
6) Sauvignon
7) Pinot Bianco
8) Pinot Grigio
Some of the finest super-whites are produced under the designation of Collio Bianco.
199
Which are the most representative varietal wines of Collio DOC?
1) Friulano: Full-flavoured, medium- to full-bodied and perfumed, with delicate herbal and grassy aromas, stone fruit and an almond finish.
2) Ribolla Gialla: Light-bodied with delicate floral and citrus notes combined with minerality and crispy acidity. It acquires intensity, depth and great complexity when produced using skin maceration.
3) Sauvignon: Strong aromatic character enhanced by bright acidity, exotic richness, mineral-flintiness and hints of thyme, sage and tomato leaf; considered among the finest examples of this variety in Italy.
4) Pinot Grigio: Made in a style similar to Alsatian Pinot Gris with weight, body and richness.
5) Malvasia: Floral notes and aromas of pear and stone fruit. It is lightly honeyed, refined and elegant
200
What are the dominant varieties used in red wine production in Collio DOC?
1) Merlot
2) Cabernet Franc
3) Cabernet Sauvignon
Red wine production is small.
201
What style of red wine is produced in Collio DOC?
They are generally light-bodied, refreshing and often characterized by an herbaceous note.
They can be single-varietals or included in the Collio Rosso blend.
Some producers do make concentrated and structured versions that are aged in oak.
202
What are the aging requirements for wines produced under Collio DOC?
Riserva white wines:
-min. 20 months maturation
Riserva red wines:
-min. 30 months maturation
-min. 6 months in wood
203
Where is Friuli Colli Orientali DOC located?
The DOC lies in the hills of eastern Friuli to the north of Collio and can be considered as a continuation of the hills of Collio. The division between the two areas is more historical than climatic/geological.
Located on the eastern foothills of the Pre-Alps, it borders the Friuli Grave DOC to the west and the Collio DOC to the south and east.
204
Which appellation in the eastern hills of Friuli is considered one of the finest winegrowing areas in Friuli for both red and whites?
Friuli Colli Orientali DOC (or Colli Orientali)
205
When did Colli Orientali become become part of Italy?
In the second half of the 19th century. Collio joined after the end of WWI.
206
How did Julius Caesar contribute to the history of Colli Orientali?
Caesar founded the city of Forum Iulii (present day Cividale). His legionnaires became farmers upon retirement and developed the vineyards on the sunny slopes of the Colli Orientali del Friuli.
The wines in this area gained considerable reputation over the centuries.
207
How successful were the wines of Friuli Colli Orientali during the Middle Ages?
They were exported and appreciated throughout the northern European countries.
208
How did the modern reputation of Friuli Colli Orientali begin?
In the 1970s, growers were inspired by the white wines being produced in neighboring Collio and managed to match them in stature.
The region also gained a reputation for its sweet wines, some of which have gained their own appellations (Picolit & Ramandolo)
209
How did Friuli Colli Orientali DOC begin to differentiate itself from Collio in the 1980s?
By focusing on distinctive red wines produced in a more structured, fuller bodied and longer-lived style.
They adopted the use of small oak barrels.
210
How large is Friuli Colli Orientali DOC?
It is the second-largest DOC in Friuli in terms of vineyard area and wine production.
211
Which city is Friuli Colli Orientali DOC's production center?
Cividale
212
What does Colli Orientali mean?
"Eastern hills" and it aptly describes the location of this DOC - on the foothills of the Pre-Allps.
213
What is the climate of Friuli Colli Orientali DOC?
Cooler and slightly more continental in climate, due to being further away from the Adriatic Sea than the more southern DOCs of Collio or Friuli Isonzo.
214
The vineyards in Friuli Colli Orientali DOC lie on slopes at what altitude?
300-1,100ft/100-350m in elevation.
Terraces (ronchi) have been carved out of the slopes in order to facilitate viticulture.
215
What are the soil types found in Friuli Colli Orientali DOC?
Alternating layers of marl and sandstone (Flysch of Cormons).
216
How are the vineyards of Friuli Colli Orientali DOC harvested?
Harvest can only be done by hand, due to the steepness of these hillsides.
217
Which white grape varieties are planted in Friuli Colli Orientali DOC?
1) Friulano (most widely planted)
2) Sauvignon
3) Pinot Grigio
4) Verduzzo Friulano
5) Pinot Bianco
6) Ribolla Gialla
7) Picolit
218
What styles of white wine are produced in Friuli Colli Orientali DOC?
As in Collio, Colli Orientali whites can be broadly divided into 2 main styles:
1) aromatic, expressive wines showing pure varietal character
2) more structured, complex wines made with techniques like skin contact, barrel fermentation and/or barrel aging.
219
What style of wine is produced under the designation Friuli Colli Orientali Bianco DOC?
Some of the finest super-whites.
220
Which area in Friuli Colli Orientali DOC is considered the classic area for high quality reds?
The southern area between Buttrio, Cividale and Manzano, due to the warmer growing conditions and the moderating influence of Adriatic Sea breezes.
221
Which native varietals have producers in Friuli Colli Orientali DOC been increasingly attracted to for single-varietal and blended wines (all of which were widely planted prior to phylloxera)?
-Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso
-Schioppettino
-Tazzelenghe
-Pignolo
There is a general consensus among producers that these indigenous grapes have the potential to create unique, high quality wines that could become the region's signature reds.
222
Which is the only appellation in Italy where varietal Tazzelenghe can be produced?
Friuli Colli Orientali DOC
223
Which red varietals are used to produce red wines in Friuli Colli Orientali DOC?
Varietal wines and blends are produced from:
-Tazzelenghe
-Merlot
-Cabernet Franc
-Cabernet Sauvignon
-Pinot Nero
224
What is Friuli Colli Orientali Rosso DOC?
A red blend that may include both native and international grapes in any proportion.
225
Name the 4 official sub-zones found within Friuli Colli Orientali. Which local grapes are they traditionally linked to?
These sub-zones are all historic grape growing areas for their designated varieties:
1) Cialla: around the small hamlet of Cialla, known for:
-Ribolla Gialla
-Verduzzo Friulano
-Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso
-Schioppettino
2) Rosazzo: around the town of Rosazzo. The following have been grown here for centuries:
-Pignolo
-Ribolla Gialla
3) Faedis: around the town of Faedis, known for its production of:
-Refosco Nostrano
4) Prepotto: around the town of Prepotto, known for its production of:
-Schioppettino
226
What are the 3 DOCGs the lie within the boundaries of Friuli Colli Orientali DOC?
1) Ramandolo
2) Picolit
3) Rosazzo
They were all previously part of the appellation until they each gained individual DOCG status.
227
What are the requirements for riserva wines in Friuli Colli Orientali DOC?
Both reds and whites:
-min. 2 years maturatoin
Riservas from the sub-zones have longer aging requirements.
228
Which grape was cultivated during Roman times and crafted into a legendary sweet wine?
Picolit
229
Who is Count Fabio Asquini?
He was a Count who in 1762 exported 100,000 quarter-liter bottles of a legendary, sweet wine made from Picolit to the Pope and all of the major European courts and cities. Bottles were even sent to the USA at the beginning of the 1800s.
Unfortunately, this popularity faded when Count Asquini died in 1818.
230
How and when did the Picolit grape and its sweet wine almost disappear?
After the phylloxera epidemic.
231
Who are the Perusini family?
They saved and revived the Picolit grape at the beginning of the 20th century.
232
When did the sweet wines crafted from the Picolit variety regain their legendary reputation?
In the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Today the wines are highly sought-after and the small quantities produced fetch very high prices.
233
When was Picolit production elevated to DOCG status as Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit?
2006
234
What area does the Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit DOCG cover?
The DOCG covers the same geographic area of production as the Friuli Colli Orientali DOC.
235
How are Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit DOCG wines produced?
Traditionally made with the appassimento method
-min. 85% Picolit
-min 1 year maturation
The use of small oak barrels for this aging regimen is now common.
236
What are the characteristics of wines from Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit DOCG?
Deep yellow-to-golden in colour and become golden-amber with age (or if oak-aged). It offers complex aromas of honey, white flowers, citrus, dried fruit, apricot and vanilla.The sweetness ranges from lightly sweet all the way to most decidedly sweet, though the classic style is more moderate.
The wines show elegance and finesse and have medium to high alcohol and a long, lingering finish.
Classic Picolit should be delicately sweet and balanced by acidity.
237
Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit DOCG is considered more of a vino da meditazione. What does that mean?
A wine to be sipped alone, rather than served with dessert.
238
What are the production requirements of Picolit produced from the classic sub-zone Cialla?
Cialla has stricter production requirements than other areas under Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit DOCG.
-100% Picolit
-higher min. alcohol level
-min. 2 years maturation
Riserva designation is only allowed for the Cialla sub-zone:
-min. 4 years maturation
Note: Cialla is a tiny hamlet to the north of the commune of Prepotto
239
Where is Ramandolo DOCG located?
Ramandolo is a small area in the northeastern part of Friuli Venezia Giulia in the province of Udine. The area of production covers the very northern tip of the Friuli Colli Orientali DOC around the tiny hamlet of Ramandolo and the communces of Nimis and Tarcento.
240
What style of wine is produced in Ramandolo DOCG?
Renowned sweet wines made from 100% Verduzzo Giallo, locally called Ramandolo.
241
How long has Ramandolo been producing sweet wines?
Since the Middle Ages. Although, the oldest official document chronicles production as of the 1800s.
242
When did Ramandolo achieve DOCG status?
2001; It was the first appellation of Friuli to receive DOCG status.
243
Describe the vineyard area in Ramandolo DOCG.
They are surrounded by forests. The vines are cultivated on small terraces carved out of steep, south-facing slopes. Some of these slopes possess a 30% gradient.
All the vineyards lie between 800-1,300ft/250-400m in altitude and they abut each other, forming an amphitheater.
244
What are the soil types in Ramandolo DOCG?
Mainly composed of marl and are so poor in nutrients that the only food crop they can sustain is the grapevine.
245
What is the climate in Ramandolo DOCG?
This is Friuli's coolest winegrowing area, due to its northern location.
It is subjected to a wide diurnal temperature swing that serves to enhance the grape's aromatic complexity while preserving natural acidity.
246
How are vineyards harvested in Ramandolo DOCG?
By hand and sometimes as late as November.
Grapes are purposely picked late in the season, either when they are extra-ripe or after they have already started to shrivel on the vines.
247
What process is used in the production of Ramandolo DOCG wines by most producers?
Appassimento method; to increase the level of concentration in the berries.
248
What are the characteristics of Ramandolo DOCG?
Deep yellow-to-gold in colour with floral notes (acacia, linden) and aromas of honey, tropical fruits, apricots and almond.
The wine has sweetness ranging from medium to very sweet, but this sweetness is balanced by acidity. They are medium to high in alcohol, full-bodied and demonstrate a slightly tannic mouth-feel.
With bottle age, they become more honeyed.
249
Where is Rosazzo DOCG located?
This is a small growing area around the ancient Abbey of Rosazzo in the southern portion of the Friuli Colli Orientali DOC.
250
What is the significance of the Abbey in Rosazzo DOCG?
The Abbey, built at the end of the 10th century, became an important spiritual and economic center for the area.
Its monks had a vital role in the development of local viticulture and wine production.
251
Name the communes within Rosazzo DOCG.
1) Manzano
2) San Giovanni al Natisone
3) Corno di Rosazzo
252
When did Rosazzo achieve DOCG status?
2011; previously, it was a sub-zone of Colli Orientali del Friuli.
253
What are the soil types of Rosazzo DOCG?
Marl and sandstone soils (Flysch of Cormons)
Same as the vineyards of Friuli Colli Orientali DOCG.
254
What style of wine is produced in Rosazzo DOCG?
White blend primarily made from Friulano with:
-Sauvignon
-Pinot Bianco
-Chardonnay
-Ribollo Gialla
255
What are the characteristics of Rosazzo DOCG wines?
Medium- to full-bodied with floral, nutty and spicy aromas. They have the structure to give them the potential to age.
256
Where is Friuli Isonzo (or Isonzo del Friuli) DOC located?
On the southeastern side of Friuli and encompasses the flat plain running along the Isonzo River south of the Collio DOC towards the Adriatic Sea.
The Isonzo River flows southward from Slovenia, cutting the Isonzo zone of production in half diagonally, and empties into the Adriatic.
257
Which promising appellation of Friuli has the potential to match the quality of the wines produced from the hills of Collio and Collio Orientali?
Friuli Isonzo DOC
258
How is the climate in Friuli Isonzo DOC?
The northern part of the appellation, on the right bank of the Isonzo River, has cooler conditions and is predominantly planted to white grapes.
The southern part, on the left bank of the river is closer to the sea and is more influenced by Adriatic breezes.
259
What influences the unique and ideal meso-climate in which to grow grapes in Friuli Isonzo DOC?
The cool, dry Bora wind coming down from the Balkans alternates with warm breezes blowing in from the Adriatic Sea.
The abundant sunshine and wide diurnal temperature swings allow for slow ripening, producing complex aromas and maintaining natural acidity.
260
Name the 2 sub-zones of Friuli Isonzo DOC. Where are they located?
1) Rive Alte: On the northern or right bank of the Isonzo.
2) Rive di Giare: On the southern or left bank of the Isonzo.
261
What are the soil types found in each sub-zone of Friuli Isonzo DOC?
1) Rive Alte: Red gravel and clay
-they are less fertile than those on the left bank.
2) Rive di Giare: White gravel, limestone and sandy loam.
-more fertile
-tends to produce lighter wines similar to those made in Friuli Grave.
262
What topographical feature influences the climate in the Rive Alte sub-zone of Friuli Isonzo DOC?
There is a gap in the northeastern mountain range allowing for cooler air currents to blow more consistently. The best vineyards in the appellation are found here, and they produce the finest and most concentrated of all the wines within this DOC.
263
The Rive Alte sub-zone of Friuli Isonzo DOC is only permitted on labels for which varietals?
1) Friulano
2) Pinot Grigio
3) Chardonnay
4) Sauvignon
5) Merlot
264
The Rive di Giare sub-zone of Friuli Isonzo DOC can only be used on labels for which varietals?
1) Pinot Grigio
2) Malvasia Istriana
3) Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso
4) Merlot
265
What styles of wine are produced in Friuli Isonzo DOC?
Mostly varietal wines.
266
What are the characteristics of white wines from Friuli Isonzo DOC?
Perfumed, aromatic, full-bodied and structured with good aging potential.
267
What are the most common white grapes used in Friuli Isonzo DOC wines?
1) Sauvignon
2) Friulano
3) Pinot Grigio
4) Malvasia Istriana
5) Pinot Bianco
6 Chardonnay
268
What are the characteristics of red wines from Friuli Isonzo DOC?
Both:
-light and fruity
-more complex, oak-aged, structured
269
What are the most common red grapes used in Friuli Isonzo DOC wines?
1) Merlot
2) Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso
3) Cabernet Franc
4) Cabernet Sauvignon
270
Where is Carso DOC located?
Carso (or Carso-Kras) DOC covers the Carso plateau, a strip of chalky-limestone borderinig Slovenia and facing the Gulf of Trieste. The appellation lies in the provinces of Gorizia and Trieste and is the southeastern extremity of Friuli.
271
What is unique about Carso?
It is strongly influenced by a mix of Italian and Slovenian cultures. Many surnames are of Slavic origin and the Slovenian minority is very active in the wine industry.
272
Describe the Carso landscape.
It is extremely bare, rugged and arid with a distinctive wild beauty.
273
Where are vineyards planted in Carso DOC?
The limestone plateau is very hard to work. Growers have had to exploit any possible accessible space for vineyards. Vines often grow alongside olive tress and hug the coast in small plots of land on steep terraces overlooking the sea. These plantings lie at altitudes of 650-1,600ft/200-500m above the Adriatic.
274
What are pastini?
Steep terraces in Carso, where vineyards are planted.
275
What are the soil types in Carso DOC?
Top-soils are very thin to non-existent and often need to be transported to the vineyards. They are poor in nutrients and consist of iron-rich red rocks, clay, chalk and more limestone.
276
What is the climate in Carso DOC?
A mix of Mediterranean and continental influences (largely due to the strong impact of the Bora, the cold east wind descending from the Balkans).
277
What is the size of wine production in Carso DOC?
It is small, but growing in reputation.
278
What distinctive characteristic do the wines of Carso DOC have?
A mineral-salt character.
279
What varieties are used to make Carso DOC wines?
2 local varieties rarely seen outside Carso:
1) Vitovska (white)
2) Terrano (red)
Others:
3) Malvasia Istriana (distinctive)
4) Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso (renowned)
5) Sauvignon
6) Chardonnay
280
What are the requirements for wines designated as Carso or Carso Rosso?
Min. 70% Terrano
281
Name the sub-zones in Carso DOC that are the historic home of Terrano.
Wines from these sub-zones are entitled to classico designation:
1) Duino-Aurisina
2) Monrupino
3) Sgonico
4) Trieste
282
What are the characteristics of Terrano wines from Carso DOC?
They are fresh and aromatic. Terrano is particularly food-friendly and pairs well with the local, earthy gastronomy based on frittatas, soups and prosciutto del Carso.
283
What are the characteristics of Carso DOC wines made from Malvasia Istriana?
This distinctive single-varietal wine has a mineral and spicy character.
284
What styles of white wines are produced in Carso DOC?
White wines range from:
-complex and structured orange wines, to
-mineral and nervy bottlings.
Various techniques are employed:
-skin contact
-fermentation in open vats and/or amphorae
-barrel-cask fermentation
-aging
285
What are the aging requirements of riserva wines from Carso DOC?
Red riserva wines:
-min 24 months maturation
-min 12 months in oak
White riserva wines:
-min. 20 months
286
Name the regional appellations of Friuli.
1) Friuli ( or Friuli Venezia Giulia) DOC
2) Prosecco DOC
3) Delle Venezie DOC
287
What areas does the Friuli DOC cover?
It overlaps and encompasses all the other DOC/Gs within Friuli Venezia Giulia.
This serves as a fallback appellation for the wines of the other sub-regional DOC/Gs should they decide to declassify.
288
When was Friuli DOC established?
Friuli DOC was approved in 2016 as a regional appellation.
289
Name the varieties approved for used under Friuli DOC.
Including native/traditional varieties:
1) Friulano
2) Malvasia Istriana
3) Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso
(among others)
Approved international grapes:
4) Sauvignon Blanc
5) Pinot Grigio
6) Pinot Bianco
7) Chardonnay
8) Merlot
(among others)
290
What styles of wine are produced under Friuli DOC?
-varietal
-spumante
-bianco blends
-rosso blends
291
What are the requirements for Ribolla Gialla under the Friuli DOC?
This varietal wine can only be produced in the spumante version.
292
What areas does the Prosecco DOC cover?
This large inter-regional DOC is shared with Veneto.
In Friuli, the zone of production covers areas within the provinces of:
-Pordenone
-Udine
-Gorizia
-Trieste
293
Name the specific designation used for the production of Prosecco made around Trieste.
Prosecco Trieste DOC
294
What areas does the Delle Venezie DOC cover?
This inter-regional DOC covers:
1) Veneto
2) Fruilu Venezia Giulia
3) Trentino
295
What style of wine is the focus of production under Delle Venezie DOC? How is is labeled?
Varietal Pinot Grigio
Labeled: Pinot Grigio delle Venezie DOC
296
Name the 3 IGTs in Friuli Venezia Giulia.
1) Venezia Giulia IGT
2) Trevenezie IGT
3) Alto Livenza IGT
297
What areas doe the Venezia Giulia IGT cover?
This regional IGT covers all of Friuli Venezia Giulia.
A few high quality producers use this for their wines. It is also used for some of the super-whites.
298
What areas doe the Trevenezie IGT cover?
This inter-regional IGT covers Friuli, Veneto and the province of Trento in the Trentino-Alto-Adige region.
299
What areas doe the Alto Livenza IGT cover?
This inter-regional IGT covers portions of Friuli and Veneto along the Livenza River.
