Piaget

Question 1

constructivist theory

Answer 1

children are active learners who construct their knowledge through interactions with the world

Question 2

assimilation

Answer 2

integration of new information into schemas

Question 3

accomodation

Answer 3

adjustment of schemas for new input

Question 4

discontinuous development

Answer 4

qualitative steps, moving from one to the next

Question 5

sensorimotor stage

Answer 5

infancy - 0-2
egocentric - world revolves around them
develop mental representations - important for play
object permanence - when things are hidden they still exist
self awareness - being distinct from the environment (rouge test - 18+ months are aware)

Question 6

pre-operational stage

Answer 6

2-7 years

pre-conceptual substage (2-4)
egocentrism reduces - 3 mountains task
children able to mentally represent ideas
reduction in animism - not everything that moves is alive

intuitive thought stage (4-7)
symbolic thinking - one object can represent something else
conservation of number mastered - appearance might change but amount stays the same

Question 7

concrete operational

Answer 7

7-12 years
children become more flexible and are able to focus on more than one thing (still concrete though)
logical mental operations - possible with visual aid
conservation of mass, length, weight and volume - mastered
compensation - narrow glass needs to be filled higher
reversibility - appearance has changed, it can be changed back
metacognition develops - thinking about thinking
understand cause and effect

Question 8

formal operational

Answer 8

12+ years

abstract reasoning - enables children to speculate and reason

Question 9

Byrant and Trabasso

Answer 9

some of the tasks were challenging and may have put a high load on children’s memory - 3 mountains task

Question 10

Bower

Answer 10

infants show surprise when an object disappears from behind a screen

infants have object permanence

Question 11

Meltzoff, Spelke and Wasserman

Answer 11

infants could repeat tongue protrusions after 24h

mental representation in infants

Question 12

Borke

Answer 12

3-5 yo completed the three mountains task (sesame street characters)

Question 13

Hughes

Answer 13

60% of 3 yo can hide a doll a policeman wont see

Question 14

McGarringle and Donaldson

Answer 14

conservation can be achieved when the task instructions are simplified by using a naughty teddy