Names

Question 1

McGaringle and Donaldson

Answer 1

conservation shown at an earlier age using naughty teddy

Question 2

Borke

Answer 2

3-5 yo - 3 mountains task using sesame street characters

Question 3

Bower

Answer 3

infants show surprise (object permanence)

Question 4

Meltzoff, Spelke and Wasserman

Answer 4

tongue protrusions after 24h delay (mental representations)

Question 5

Byrant and Trobasso

Answer 5

3 mountains task = too challenging

Question 6

Hughes

Answer 6

60% of 3yo can hide a doll a policeman wont see

reduction in egocentrism

Question 7

Cole et al

Answer 7

estimating rice (Liberians better)

Question 8

Luria

Answer 8

grouping 3 items with educated and uneducated farmers

Question 9

Jermone Bruner

Answer 9

scaffolding (vygostky)

Question 10

Wood et al (1976)

Answer 10

what does scaffolding involve

recruitment
reduction of degrees of freedom
direction maintenance 
marking critical features
demonstrations

Question 11

Ratner, Foley and Glimpert

Answer 11

scaffolding - children have an attribution error and think they did the task

Question 12

Berk: Behrend

Answer 12

challenging task = more inner speech

Question 13

Repacholi and Gupnik (1997)

Answer 13

18 months - others have desires

Question 14

Baron-Cohen et al

Answer 14

ASD children = poor ToM

only 20% pass Sally-Anne task (mental age 4)

Question 15

Onishi and Baillargeon (2005)

Answer 15

15 months - infants understand false beliefs

Question 16

Frith et al (2003)

Answer 16

Sally-Anne task

4 years - false beliefs develop

Question 17

Perner, Leekman and Wimmer

Answer 17

smarties tube

Question 18

Woodward (1998)

Answer 18

6 months - understand others as intentional agents

Question 19

Perner (1991)

Answer 19

metarepresentation theory - 4 years

Question 20

Carlson and Moses (2001)

Answer 20

failure in ToM tasks in preschool may be due to poor executive function

Question 21

Peskin (1992)

Answer 21

nasty puppet intervention

age 5 - masters of deception

Question 22

Ding et al (2015)

Answer 22

training paradigm - trained to lie = faster ToM

Question 23

Wellman (1990)

Answer 23

character thinks books are on shelf

3yo - know they will just look there (false belief)

Question 24

Brainerd (1983)

Answer 24

limitations

metacognitive - develop with age, children overestimate their memory

retrieval limitations - lack of strategies - may know the strategy but recall wrong information

storage/capacity limitations - span test - 2 items less in children

encoding limitations - selective attention and encoding strategies

Question 25

Chi et al (1978)

Answer 25

experience effects LTM | children chess experts

Question 26

Geary (2004)

Answer 26

cognitive model of maths | inhibitory control and modality specific systems

Question 27

Starkey and Cooper (1980)

Answer 27

4 months | discriminate between 2 and 3 dots

Question 28

Feigenson, Carey and Houser (2002)

Answer 28

10-12 months - go to box with more crackers in it

Question 29

Duncan et al

Answer 29

maths at school entry predicts achievement throughout

Question 30

Lorenco and Longo (2010)

Answer 30

general magnitude system across dimensions

Question 31

Butterworth (2012)

Answer 31

individual differences in maths | 3 yo - ask how many items, they will just count

Question 32

Koontz and Berch (1996)

Answer 32

dont subitize = dyscalculia

Question 33

Geary (2004)

Answer 33

central executive error = dyscalculia

Question 34

Farah et al (2006)

Answer 34

differences in cognition (L/H SES) language memory executive function

Question 35

Tulving (1983)

Answer 35

synergistic ecphory

Question 36

Bower et al (1994)

Answer 36

EWT | 1-2 yo exposed to an event - recalled many novel events

Question 37

Nigg (2001)

Answer 37

neuropsychological causes of ADHD cognitive dysregulation lack of planning, forethought and control

Question 38

Sonuga-Barke et al (1990)

Answer 38

neuropsychological causes of ADHD delay aversion control = impulsivity no control = hyperactive

Question 39

Sanders et al (2000)

Answer 39

triple p - 17 child management strategies

Question 40

Sonuga-Barke et al (2001)

Answer 40

``` new forest parenting program psycho education parent child relationship behaviour training and limit testing attention training ```

Question 41

John Locke

Answer 41

tabula rassa

Question 42

Stern (1912)

Answer 42

intelligence quotient (MA/CA)

Question 43

Binet (1905)

Answer 43

MA and CA

Question 44

Jenson (1969)

Answer 44

15-18 point gap between white children and black children

Question 45

Kretch, Franchak and Adolph (2014)

Answer 45

``` crawling = baby looks at floor walking = more information ```

Question 46

Sann and Streri (2007)

Answer 46

touch to vision = yes vision to touch = no cross model matching = not bi directional

Question 47

Wynn (1992)

Answer 47

object permanence | 4-5 months - stared longer when something went through an object when behind a screen

Question 48

Bailargeon

Answer 48

6-8 months - object permanence

Question 49

Frantz (1961)

Answer 49

identify face by smell (infants)

Question 50

Heron-Delaney (2011)

Answer 50

70 mins of a picture book (chinese or caucasian)

Question 51

DeCasper and Spence (1986)

Answer 51

3 minute of book reading each day in womb

Question 52

Herbert, Gross and Hayne (2007)

Answer 52

children who can crawl can retrieve info in different contexts

Question 53

Chomsky

Answer 53

Universal Grammar (UG)

Question 54

Berko (1958)

Answer 54

wug test

Question 55

Hockett and Charles (1960)

Answer 55

arbitrariness displacement productivity duality of patterning

Question 56

Werneken and Tomasello (2008)

Answer 56

neutral praise reward

Question 57

Olson and Spelk (2008)

Answer 57

children want to share resources with friends, family and people who share with them

Question 58

Whiting and Whiting (1975)

Answer 58

3-11 years - Kenya, Mexico and Philipines more prosicial

Question 59

Moore (2009)

Answer 59

4.5-6 years 3 pictures share with friends and not all the time

Question 60

Apicella (2012)

Answer 60

reinforcement of prosocial behaviour

Question 61

Blake et al (2015)

Answer 61

aversion to inequity