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Physiology Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 primary compartments in the body

A

Intracellular, and then Extracellular (Interstitial fluid and plasma)

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2
Q

Where is the majority of the fluid in the body?

A

Intracellular fluid (40% of body weight)

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3
Q

What are 2 components of extracellular fluid

A

Plasma, Interstitial fluid

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4
Q

What ions are in Extracellular fluid vs Intracellular fluid

A

Extracellular fluid: Na+, Cl- HCO3-, protein, small amount of K
Intracellular fluid: K+, phosphates (Buffer)

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5
Q

What is the universal solvent?

A

Water

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6
Q

Out of plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid, where is protein found?

A

Plasma and intracellular, not interstitial

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7
Q

What does water dissolve?

A

All polar and charged particles

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8
Q

What is a solution?

A

Solvent and solute

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9
Q

What is a chemical/concentration gradient dependent on?

A

Difference in concentration and thickness of membrane

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10
Q

Diffusion of ions depends on

A

Electrical gradient

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11
Q

The ability of a solution to hold onto a solvent is measured as what?

A

osmotic pressure

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11
Q

In a solution, during osmosis, water will move towards the side with: 1.More or 2.Less solute?

A

More solute

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11
Q

Which side of cell is negative?

A

Inside is negative (-70mv RMP)

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12
Q

Which way does chemical gradient push sodium/potassium?

A

Pushes sodium inside and pushes potassium outside

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13
Q

Which way does electrical gradient push sodium/potassium?

A

Sodium: inside
Potassium: Inside
The charge of the cell is negative inside so both are pulled inside

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14
Q

Why does sodium have a stronger overall push in the cell

A

It has both the chemical gradient pushing it inside and the electrical gradient, whereas K has only the electrical gradient pushing it inside

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15
Q

What are the 4 things that osmotic pressure is related to, and what is the biggest thing that dictates it?

A
  1. Temperature of solution
  2. Gas constant
  3. Volume of the solution
  4. Number of particles
    (Concentration of particles is really what dictates it)
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16
Q

How many Osm does 1mol of glucose add to a solution?

A

1

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17
Q

How many Osm does 1mol of NaCl add to a solution?

A

2, break into Na and Cl

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18
Q

Contrast osmolarity with osmolality

A

Osmolarity: used in plasma, osmoles/L of solution.
Osmolality: Osmoles per kg of solvent
Osmolarity is affected by volume of solutes, osmolality is not

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19
Q

What is normal blood plasma osmotic pressure?

A

290 mOsm/L

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20
Q

270 mosm of the 290 mosm in osmotic pressure is contributed by

A

Na+

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21
Q

What makes up 20/290 mOsm of blood plasma

A

2 mosm plasma protein, 5mosm glucose and urea (each)

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22
Q

What is tonicity?

A

A solution’s ability to change the shape of a cell

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23
Q

Lysing vs crenation

A

Lyse= When cell is in hypotonic solution, it explodes (lyses)
Crenation= when cell is in in hypertonic solution, gets shriveled (crenates)

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24
Q

Primary reason that pH has to stay in a very narrow range

A

Protein Denaturation

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25
Q

What is normal plasma pH for people?

A

7.35-7.45

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26
Q

Gastric fluid vs pancreatic fluid pH

A

Stomach acid: 1
Pancreatic juice: 8

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27
Q

Acid vs base in terms of H+ ions

A

Acid: Donates H+ to a solution
Bases: Accepts H+ions to a solution

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28
Q

What are the 2 buffering systems important extracellularly and intracellularly?

A

Extracellularly: Bicarbonate (HCO3)
Intracellularly: Phsophate

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29
Q

What is metabolic acidosis due to

A

Ketoacidosis and diarrhea

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30
Q

What is respiratory acidosis due to

A

hypoventilation (not getting rid of enough CO2, building up too much acid (narcotic overdose))

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31
Q

What is metabolic alkalosis due to

A

vomiting( get rid of too much stomach acid, increase pH too much)

32
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis due to

A

hyperventaliation(release too much co2, get rid of too much acid)

33
Q

compare and contrast nucleoside, nucleotide, nucleic acid

A

Nucleoside: Sugar, base
Nucleotide: Sugar, base, phosphate
Nucleic acid: many nucleotides

34
Q

What is formed by the breakdown of purine bases?

35
Q

What is gout characterized by? What are causes?

A
  • Excess uric acid in the blood
  • Excess production because of enzyme abnormalities, or kidney issues that lead to decreased excretion
36
Q

Where is DNA found in the cell

37
Q

Which sugar and unique base are in DNA

A

Deoxyribose, Thymine

38
Q

Where is there a covalent bond in DNA

A

Sugar of one bonds to phosphate of next

39
Q

Where is RNA found

A

All over the cell

40
Q

Which sugar and base are in RNA

A

Ribose and uracil

41
Q

Is ATP closer to DNA or RNA

A

RNA- has ribose sugar (but Adenine base) and just adds 3 phosphates

42
Q

What is a gene

A

Part of the DNA that is used to code for a protein

43
Q

What is an exon vs an intron

A

Exons are expressed in DNA replication, introns are spliced out

44
Q

What are Alleles

A

Code for a trait that you have

45
Q

What are SNP’s

A

Change in DNA that results from 1 base change

46
Q

What are mutations

A

a change in DNA that occurs and codes for something different

47
Q

4 steps in protein synthesis and location/product of each

A

1.Transcription is in Nucleus, results in mRNA
2. post-transcriptional modification is in nucleus, results in mRNA with removed introns
3. Translation is in Rough ER with ribosomes and results in polypeptide chain
4. Post translational modification in the golgi apparatus, results in final protein

48
Q

What is the final desitnation of proteins after protein formation

A

use in the cell, stored, or exocytosis

49
Q

main function of carbs

50
Q

Examples of monosaccharides, location of them

A

glucose is found in blood/cells

51
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

sucrose, lactose (soft drinks or high fructose corn suryp)

52
Q

Examples of polysaccharides and locations

A

Glycogen: Muscles/liver
Cellulose: Plant cell walls, lower cholestorol levels

53
Q

What transports lipids around the body

A

lipoprotein complexes (cholomicrons, HDL, VLDL, LDL)

54
Q

How does chylomicron shrink?

A

Chylomicron–> VLDL–>IDL–>LDL
- Drops off triglycerides at tissues

55
Q

What does HMG-CoA reductase do

A

Key step in cholestorol synthesis is via this enzyme. Targetted by statins

56
Q

What does HDL do

A
  • lower LDL cholesotrol levels,
  • inhibit adhesion of white blood cells
  • Stimulate NO release in aortic cells
  • Enhance endothelial repair after injury
57
Q

What are Eicosanoids and where are they found to be important

A

Poly unsaturated fat, important in inflamatory pathway, cardiovascular system, pain

58
Q

What inhibits Phospholipase A2 and what does it inhibit the formation of

A

Glucocorticoids inhibit the formation of eicosanoids

59
Q

What is the relationship between NSAIDS and eicosanoids

A

NSAIDS inhibit COX 1 and 2 which prevents prostaglandin formation

60
Q

How is the cell membrane like a mosaic

A

lots of different things in the membrane to give different functions, like proteins, phospholipids, etc.

61
Q

Function of gap junction

A

communication and nutrients

62
Q

Function of tight junction

A

Hold cells together tightly

63
Q

Function of desmosomes

A

Bind cells together tightly

64
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A

Protein modification, create vesicles

65
Q

Rough ER function

A

protein syntehsis during translation

66
Q

nuclear envelope function

A

Wall off DNA from cell

67
Q

Secratory granules function

A

Released from cell

68
Q

Centrioles function

A

Grab chromosomes in cell division, seperate cells

69
Q

Smooth ER function

A

Lipid synthesis

70
Q

Lysosomes function

A

Enzymes degrade proteins

71
Q

Nucleoleus function

A

Center of nucleus, form ribosomes

72
Q

Cytoskeleton 3 pieces and functions

A
  1. Actin: form shape of cell, cause movement
  2. Intermediate filaments: Provide support
  3. Microtubules: Strong framework, tracks for vesicles to move on
    - Kinesin and dynein, move things over cell
73
Q

What are the 3 types of passive transport

A
  1. Simple
  2. Carrier Mediated
  3. Channel mediated
74
Q

What are the 2 types of active transport

A
  1. Primary (use ATP)
  2. Secondary (use other gradient)
    Both go against gradient
75
Q

First messenger vs second messenger

A

First messenger is a chemical that binds to the cell from the outside. The Second messenger is a chemical inside the cell that is activated or moves after the first binds.

76
Q

What gets Ca out of the cell after it is inside

A

SERCA- ATPase, pumps calcium out to turn signal off

77
Q

What is one of the common second messengers in the cell

78
Q

Steps of GPCR signaling

A
  1. GPCR undergoes conformational change when ligand binds
  2. G subunit exchanges GDP for GTP
  3. Adenylyl cyclase is activated and converts ATP to cAMP
  4. Elevated cAMP levels activate protein kinase A
  5. Protein kinase A phosphorylates enzymes and transcription factors, causing gene expression that mediates cell growth and differentation
79
Q

Largest to smallest lipoprotein complexes

A

Chylomicrons (least amount of protein)–> VLDL, IDL, HDL (most protein, smallest)

Physiology (8 decks)

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