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Physiology > Endocrine phys part 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine phys part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Parathyroid hormone function

A

Mobilize Ca from bone, Increase Ca reabsorbtion in kidney, increase Ca absorbtion in GI tract, increase phosphate excretion

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2
Q

1, 25 dihydroxycholeaclciferol function

A
  • increase Ca absorbtion in GI tract
  • Stimulates Ca reabsorption in kidneys
  • Causes bone remodeling
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3
Q

Calcitonin function

A

inhibit ca resorbtion (Keeps Ca in bone)

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of calcium in the bone

A

Stable (28,000 mmol) or readily exchangable (100 mmol)

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5
Q

Function of calbindin-D9k

A

Prevents cell signaling from calcium while transporting Ca (has high affinity for Ca)

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6
Q

Phosphourous key roles in body

A

ATP, Modify proteins, DNA/RNA, cAMP (cell signaling), Intracellular buffering

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7
Q

How is phosphorous filtered and reabsorbed

A

Filtered in kidneys, reabsorbed via Na cotransporters (NaPi-2a/2b)

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8
Q

What activates phosphorous

A

1,25, dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitrol)

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9
Q

Magnesium roles

A

protein/DNA synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, cardiovascular tone, neuromuscular excitability, bone formation

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10
Q

Where is magnesium absorbed

A

In GI trat

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11
Q

Where is magnesium reabsorbed

A

Kidneys (PTH increases reabsorbtion)

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12
Q

What is the key role of vitamin D in intestines

A

Increase transport of calcium and phosphate in intestines

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13
Q

What do high calcium and phosphate inhibit the formation of

A

calcitrol

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14
Q

What stimulates the production and release of vitamin D

A

Low calcium, low phosphate, High PTH

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15
Q

What stimulates PTH release

A

Low calcium levels

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16
Q

What does vitamin D deficiency cause in children

A

Rickets
- Weakness, bowing of legs, tooth defects, hypocalcemia

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17
Q

What does vitamin D deficiency cause in adults

A

Osteomalacia

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18
Q

What type of cells produce and secrete PTH

A

Chief cells (inside parathyroid gland)

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19
Q

Hypoparathyroidism symptoms

A

Hyperexcitability of nerves, tetany, Chvostek sign (contraction of facial muscles with tapping on facial nerve), Trousseau sign (flexion of wrist and thumb)

20
Q

Hyperparathyroidism symptoms

A

Usually asymptomatic (usally caused by parathyroid tumor, high Ca and Low Phosphate)

21
Q

What is hypercalcemia cosed by often

A

bone, breast, kidney, ovary, skin cancer

22
Q

Where are the calcitonin cells made

A

parafollicular cells of thyroid

23
Q

Actions of calcitonin

A

decrease blood ca and p, block resorbtion of Ca from bone, increase Ca excretion in urine

24
Q

What are bones made of

A

Collagen and crystallized ca p salts

25
Q

Structure of bone

A

Outside strength (cortical, compact) and spongy (trabecular) inside (bone marrow).

26
Q

What kind of connective tissue is on the outside of a bone

A

periosteum connective tissue

27
Q

Osteopetrosis MOA

A

Ineffective osteoclasts- over abundance of bone being added all the time, lead to too thick of bones (blood vessils close and cause pain)

28
Q

Osteoporosis MOA

A

Too much osteoclast activity- bones become thin and weak

29
Q

What do thecal cells release

A

Androgens

30
Q

What do granulosa cells release

A

estrogens

31
Q

What cells release estrogens

A

granulosa cells

32
Q

What cells release androgens

A

thecal cells

33
Q

What cells secrete estrogens

A

Granulosa cells, corpus luteum, placenta

34
Q

What is estrogen formation dependent on

A

Aromatase

35
Q

What does aromatase convert

A

Testosterone to estradiol and androtendione to estrone

36
Q

What happens to thecal cells when LH rises

A

LH causes thecal cells to release androstenedione–> send to granulosa cells–> convert to estrone–> estradiol–> release to follicular fluid in antrum

37
Q

What causes to mature granulosa cells when LH increases

A

they release estradiol and produce it

38
Q

What does P450 do

A

helps form steroids- acts as a mitochondrial enzyme

39
Q

What secretes progesterone

A

Corpus luteum and placenta

40
Q

What stimulates corpus luteum to release progesterone

A

LH binds to corpus luteum

41
Q

Where does sperm development occur

A

Sperm development

42
Q

Where does sperm maturation occur

A

Epididymis

43
Q

Vas deferens function

A

Connect testis to urethra

44
Q

What are the pancreatic exocrine cells

A

acini cells (secrete pancreatic juice for digestion)

45
Q

What are the endocrine cells of the pancreas

A

Islets of langerhans

46
Q

What organ is Vitamin D3 made in

A

Kidney

Physiology (8 decks)

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