Immune System (day 1, extra recording) Flashcards
Which immune system is non-specific?
Innate immune system
Which immune system doeesn’t have memory
Innate
Which system do phagocytes NK cells, and antimicrobial proteins belong to?
Innate
Which system needs multiple exposures to have an adequate defense?
Adaptive
Which system uses CT cells and cell-mediated immunity/humoral immunity?
Adaptive
Which cells are associated with cell-mediated immunity?
T cells
Which cells are associated with humoral immunity?
B cells
Which cells are lymphocytes?
B, T, and NK cells
Where do we find lymphocytes?
Lymph nodes
Which lymphocytes are part of the adaptive immunity and which are part of innate immunity?
B and T cells are adaptive, NK cells are inate
Which cells have MHC1 vs MHC2 complexes on them?
All cells but RBC’s have MHC1, Immune cells have MHC2
What is the general life cycle of a T cell?
Produced in bone marrow, mature in thymus, sent to blood stream and lymphatic tissue
What is the function of a T cell
Recognize antigen in combination with MHC proteins to activate immune response
What are the 4 types of T cells
Helper T cells: First to be activated, activate others
Cytotoxic T cells: Bind to and directly kill antigens
Regulatory T cells: Limit immune response
Memory T cells: Secondary Response
Which T cells are the first to be activated?
Helper T cells
Which T cells directly bind to and kill antigens, and which type of immunity is this?
Cytotoxic T cells, Cellular immunity
What is the general life cycle of a B lymphocyte
Made in bone marrow, mature in bone marrow
What is the main funciton of a B cell?
make antibodies
How many different kinds of antibodies can one b cell produce?
Only one antibody
What is a plasma cell?
An activated B cell that has been sent into the blood stream to make antibodies
What system are TLR’s in?
Innate immunity, provide primary stimulus for cell’s innate response to invaders
What are NOD proteins and which system are they in? What disease are they commonly related to?
Intracellular receptors that detect bacteria. They are in the innate immunity and are related to chron’s disease
What happens after TLR and NOD proteins are activated?
This leads to cytokine release or activation of the compliment system
How do you activate the innate immune system response?
TLR receptors on cell surface give stimulus that there is an invader. NOD proteins inside the cell detect bacteria. This leads to cytokine release and activation of compliment system
How is the active immune system activated?
1.APC (macrophages or dendritic cells, etc) with MHC2 receptor encounters an invader in the blood
2. APC binds antigen of invader to MHC complex and brings it to the helper T cell (CD4), binds the antigen to the T Cell receptor
3. When that T cell binds to the antigen, it causes the release of IL4 and cytokines, then further activating other T cells and activating CT (CD8) cells. Activates B cells to produce antibodies against antigen from pathogen.
General actions of IgG, IgA, IgM,IgD, and IgE
IgG/IgM: Complement
IgA: Secretions
IgD: Antigen recognition B cells
IgE: Cause Histamine release
What does the complement system ultamately lead to?
Cell lysis
Describe PLANO
PLANO is an acronym to remember antigen-antibody complex functions.
P: Precipitation (soluble antigens)
L:lysis
A:Agglutination (cell bound antigens)
N:Neutralization
O:Opsonization(flag molecule to be engulfed by macrophages)
Which cells are phagocytic and make first contact with Pathogens?
Neutrophils
Which blood cell is most abundant?
Neutrophils
Which cell is specialized in viral and cancerous cells?
NK cells
Which cell releases histamines and is associated with allergies?
Mast cells. IgE is associated with allergies, too.
Describe the physiological pathway of tissue injury
- Tissue injury leads to histamine release, NF-kB activation which starts transcription of inflammatory mediators, and cytokine/chemical release
- This leads to vasodialation, increased permeability, and chemotaxis.
- This leads to increased blood flow, fluid and leukocytes enter interstitial space, and leukocyte/phagocytes migrate to injury.
- This leads to the delivery of cells and clotting factors, clearning out toxins and debreis, and blood clotting.
How are the 4 cardnal signs of inflammation related to tissue injury?
Heat and redness are caused by increased blood flow to the site of injury (caused by vasodialation and increased capillary permiability).
Pain is caused by the chemicals that are released from the cells that are injured
Swelling is caused from the leukocyte and phagocyte migration to the injury as well as the fluid that enters the interstitial space
