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Physiology > Neurophys part 2 > Flashcards

Neurophys part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Type of stimulus that activates merkel and ruffini

A

Steady pressure

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2
Q

Type of stimulus that activates meissner and pacinian

A

vibration, which causes tingling sensation

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3
Q

location of meissner and merkel

A

epidermis

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4
Q

location of pacinian and ruffini

A

dermis

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5
Q

Sensitivity of meissner and merkel

A

sensitive- activate with smaller stimuli

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6
Q

Sensitivity of pacinian and ruffini

A

lower sensitivity, activate with more stimuli

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7
Q

precision of meissner and merkel

A

more precise, smaller receptive field

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8
Q

Precision of pacinian and ruffini

A

less precise, larger receptive field

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9
Q

Which receptors are tonic/phasic

A

Tonic: merkel and ruffini (continued sensation like pressure/vibration)
Phasic: meissner and pacinian(rapdily adapt- wearing clothes)

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10
Q

How does the brain know the difference between light and hard touch

A

AP frequency increases with harder and stronger touch

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11
Q

What are mechanical nocioceptors stimulated by

A

sharp and high pressure

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12
Q

What are chemical nocioceptors stimulated by

A

H+ ions, bradykinins

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13
Q

What are thermal nocioceptors stimulated by

A

cold: <20C
hot: >40C

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14
Q

What are fast pain nocioceptors stimulated by and what neurotransmitter is involved

A

a gamma fibers, glutamate

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15
Q

What are slow pain nocioceptors stimulated by and what neurotransmitter is involved

A

chronic pain- c fibers
glutamate and substance p

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16
Q

What is hyperalgesia

A

Increased pain from a normally painful stimuli (I.e. piniching is normally painful, but even more painful abnormally so)

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17
Q

What is allodynia

A

Pain from a sitmulus that doesnt usually cause pain (i.e. touching skin over broken bone- touching doesn’t usually cause pain, but does)

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18
Q

What cells do injured cells release

A

Prostaglandins, 5-HT, K, bradykinin, histamine

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19
Q

What is the pain-spasm cycle

A

first tissue damage leads to pain, pain leads to muscle spasm, spasm causes more pain, more pain causes more spasm

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20
Q

What is visceral/deep pain?

A

Very excruciating, diffuse, not localized, due to organ damage usually. C fiber driven

21
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Shared secondary neuron, brain interprets pain from wrong region

22
Q

What is phantom limb pain?

A

Regions of thalamus that once recieved input from amputated limb recieves input from stump, but brain interprets it as limb
- Remapping can occur- pain from amputated limb ends up elsewhere (i.e. face)

23
Q

What type of pain does convergence theory relate to

A

referred pain

24
Q

What is a form of automatic splinting

A

pain that leads to a muscle spasm (connected to pain-spasm cycle, where tissue damage leads to pain and then to muscle spasm, which is a form of automatic splinting)

25
Q

What is the primary sensory processing part of the brain

A

parietal lobe

26
Q

What is the size of the sensory processing region in the brain related to

A

1.the number of receptors and neurons in the region.
- That dictates the sensitivity of an area on the body.

27
Q

What effects do opoids have on the neurons in the spinal cord (dorsal root ganglion)

A
  1. Decrease Ca influx, lead to NT release
  2. Hyperpolarizing membrane of spinothalamic tract neuron by increasing K+ efflux
28
Q

What is gate theory of pain?

A

If Large nerve fibers are strongly stimulated, these are passed to the brain over weaker signals from small nerves (like pain nerves)
Opioid actions in spinal cord inhibit ascending pain signals

29
Q

what is the pathway for olfactory sensing

A

odarant binds to receptor, activates G-protein, activate adneyl cyclase, activate cAMP, open Na/Ca channel–> depoarization (smell!)

30
Q

Where do you get conscious descrimination of smells

A

orbitofrontal cortex

31
Q

Where are smells connected to emotions

A

amygdala

32
Q

Where are smells connected to memories

A

entorhinal cortex

33
Q

Where are smells connected to pheromones

A

vomeronasal organ

34
Q

Where are taste buds/how many

A

5000, on papillae, soft palate, epiglottis, pharynx

35
Q

What are tastants and how do we sense them

A

dissolve in saliva, then into pore, then onto microvilli receptors

36
Q

Simple gustatory pathway

A

Cn 7 (facial nerve) (anterior 2/3 of tongue), CN 9 (glosopharyngeal n )(posterior 1/3 tongue), CN 10 vagus (all the other places)
–> medulla–> thalamus–>gustatory cortex

37
Q

Which tastes use metabotropic receptors

A

sweet, bitter, umami

38
Q

Which tastes use ionotropic receptors

A

salty, sour

39
Q

Which tastes are we most sensitive to

A

bitter tastes

40
Q

How does pupilary constriction occur

A

via parasympathetic activation
- CN 3 (occulomotor) contracts sphinctor muscle

41
Q

How does pupilary dialation occur

A

inactivate CN3 (occulomotor)- relaxes pupilary sphinctor m

42
Q

Where are cones of retina located

A

fovea centralis of retina- directly behind pupil- where we want focal point of light to hit retina-

43
Q

Where is the blind spot in the eye

A

point where optic nerve (2) leaves eye- no photoreceptors

44
Q

Where are rods in the eye

A

periphery/sides of eyeball, low resolution

45
Q

What kind of fluid does anterior chamber hold

A

aqueous humor

46
Q

What secretes aqueous humor

A

cilliary processes

47
Q

What is the pathophys of glaucoma

A

interference of reabsorbtion of aqueous humor–> increased intraocular pressure–> potential damage to retina/optic nerve

48
Q
A

Physiology (6 decks)

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