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Pharmacology > Physiology of the PNS > Flashcards

Physiology of the PNS Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the ANS?

A

regulate the heart
-regulate the secretory glands (salivary, gastric, sweat, bronchi)
-regulate the smooth muscles (bronchi, blood vessels, urogenital system, and GI tract)

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2
Q

What are the regulatory functions of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

“turns the faucets on”

-Constrict the pupil - focus the eye for near vision
-Contract bronchi
-Slow the heart rate
-Increase gastric secretions
-Empty the bladder & bowel

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3
Q

What regulatory functions does the SNS have for the circulatory system?

A

-Maintains blood flow to the brain
-Redistributes blood during exercise/fight-or-flight
-Compensates for blood loss by vasoconstriction

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4
Q

How does the SNS regulate body temperature?

A

-Regulates blood flow to the skin
-Promotes secretion of sweat glands
-Piloerection
-Shivering

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5
Q

How does the SNS regulate blood flow to the skin?

A

-Dilates surface vessels: promotes heat loss
-Constricts cutaneous vessels: conserves heat

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6
Q

What happens during the fight or flight response?

A

The SNS:
-Dilates bronchi and pupils (“wide eyed with fear”)
-Increases BP and HR
-Redistributes blood flow away from extremities (“cold with fear”)
-Mobilizes stored energy

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7
Q

What does piloerection do?

A

Conserves heat

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8
Q

What receptors are primarily responsible for regulating BP?

A

-Alpha 1 -> vasoconstriction - increases BP
-Alpha 2 -> vasodilation - decreases BP

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9
Q

What receptors are responsible for increasing the heart rate?

A

Heart BEATS

Beta 1

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10
Q

What receptors dilate pupils and bronchi?

A

BREATHE

beta 2

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11
Q

what drugs are used for cardiogenic shock, hemorrhagic shock, and asthma?

A

sympathomimetic drugs

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12
Q

How is dual innervation opposed in the heart?

A

Heart rate:
SNS increases HR
PNS decreases HR

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13
Q

What is the one division of the body that is only innervated by one branch of the ANS?

A

Blood vessels are only innervated by the SNS

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14
Q

No parasympathetic _______ connect to the vessels but there are parasympathetic _________ on vessels

A

No parasympathetic nerves on the vessels but there parasympathetic receptors on vessels

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15
Q

What is an example of dual innervation being complementary?

A

Erection and ejaculation

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16
Q

Homeostatic reflex that regulates blood pressure

A

baroreceptor reflex

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17
Q

A specialized structure or organ that detects changes in the environment or internal conditions of the body. It is responsible for receiving and converting various stimuli into electrical signals or chemical signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system. Plays a crucial role in providing information about the body’s internal and external environment, allowing the body to respond and maintain homeostasis.

A

Sensor

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18
Q

A structure or organ, typically a muscle or gland, that carries out the response directed by the nervous system to achieve homeostasis (ex: generate muscle contractions, produce glandular secretions, or initiate other physiological responses to restore balance or adapt to changing conditions in the body.)

A

Effector

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19
Q

In most organs, the predominant tone is the ________

A

PNS

20
Q

The predominant tone of the vascular system (blood vessels) is the _____

A

SNS

21
Q

Autonomic tone

A

The continuous background level of activity and control exerted by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) on various organs and tissues in the body

22
Q

What are the subtypes of cholinergic receptors?

A

-Nicotinic N
-Nicotinic M
-Muscarinic

23
Q

What are the subtypes of adrenergic (sympathetic) receptors?

A

-Alpha 1
-Alpha 2
-Beta 1
-Beta 2
-Dopamine

24
Q

Where are beta 1 receptors found?

A

heart and kidney

25
Q

Where are beta 2 receptors found?

A

lungs

26
Q

blood vessels to the kidneys are regulated by _____ receptors

A

dopamine

27
Q

where are alpha 1 receptors located?

A

blood vessels - veins and arteries

28
Q

When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated, _________ is released as the primary neurotransmitter at the synapses between the parasympathetic nerves and their target organs. It then binds to cholinergic receptors located on the target tissues, initiating a response

A

acetylcholine

29
Q

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, ______is released as the primary neurotransmitter from sympathetic nerve endings. In certain situations, epinephrine may also be released from the _____ glands into the bloodstream. These neurotransmitters bind to adrenergic receptors on target tissues to initiate a response.

A

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, norepinephrine is released as the primary neurotransmitter from sympathetic nerve endings. In certain situations, epinephrine may also be released from the adrenal glands into the bloodstream. These neurotransmitters bind to adrenergic receptors on target tissues to initiate a response.

30
Q

What makes sweat glands unusual in terms of their activation?

A

Sweat glands are controlled by the sympathetic nerves, however they are activated by acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors

31
Q

What are the functions of Alpha 1 receptors?

A

COCKBLOCKERS

-Vasoconstriction
-Ejaculation (contraction of the prostate)
-Contraction of bladder neck

activation of alpha 1 receptors can cause erectile dysfunction because they will constrict blood flow, including to the penis. but in the end, they do have some redeeming qualities because if you can get it going, they will make you splooge. also they stop you from peeing yourself so they save you some face.

32
Q

An alpha 1 blocker would _____ the prostate

A

relax

33
Q

What are the effects of beta 1 activation on the heart?

A

Increases:
-Cardiac output
-Force of contraction
-Velocity of conduction in AV node
-Heart rate

34
Q

What happens when beta 1 receptors are activated in the kidney?

A

Renin release –> vasoconstriction and water retention –> raises BP

35
Q

What are the functions of the beta 2 receptors?

A

-Bronchial dilation
-Relaxation of uterine muscle
-Vasodilation (at working muscles)
-Glycogenolysis (liver and skeletal muscles)

36
Q

Where are dopamine receptors found?

A

On the blood vessels of the kidneys

37
Q

What happens when dopamine receptors in the kidney are activated?

A

-Increase blood flow to the kidneys
-Urine production goes up (bladder fills up) BUT they do not make you urinate

38
Q

Dopamine receptors are ONLY located in the _____

A

kidneys

39
Q

What receptors does epinephrine activate?

A

ALL alpha and beta receptors
but NOT dopamine receptors

40
Q

What receptors does norepinephrine activate?

A

Alpha receptors
Beta-1

but NOT beta-2 or dopamine

41
Q

What receptors raise your blood sugar?

A

beta 2 receptors (by mobilizing stored glycogen)

42
Q

What receptors can dopamine activate?

A

Alpha 1, beta 1, and dopamine receptors

43
Q

True or false?

Dopamine is the only neurotransmitter capable of activating dopamine receptors

A

True

44
Q

What happens if you block acetylcholinesterase (AChE)?

A

Blocking acetylcholinesterase (AChE) leads to an increase in the concentration of acetylcholine (ACh) in the synaptic cleft, as AChE is responsible for breaking down ACh.

45
Q

What enzyme keeps norepinephrine and epinephrine in check?

A

MAO

46
Q

What enzyme keeps fight-or-flight in check?

A

MAO

47
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

The baroreceptor reflex is located in the walls of certain blood vessels, particularly the carotid sinuses and the aortic arch.

Pharmacology (21 decks)

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