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Anatomy and Physiology - Narolin Reyes > PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ARTICULATORY SYSTEM > Flashcards

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ARTICULATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical Architecture of Lower Face

A
  • Muscular architecture of perioral region is very complex compared to relatively ordered and encapsulated organization of limb muscles
  • Lacks well defined insertion points
  • Lacks tendonous connections
  • Not divided into distinct muscle groups
  • Differ vastly in their orientation
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2
Q

Contraction Principles for Facial Musculature

A
  • Contraction often doesn’t result in simple actions along a single anatomical plane but rather is 3-D
  • Changes occur vertically, horizontally and out into space
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3
Q

Why does contraction often not result in simple actions along a single anatomical plane but rather is 3-D and why do changes occur vertically, horizontally and out into space?

A
  • Lower face muscles are not limited in terms of movement by joints
  • Facial muscles change the shape of oral cavity for generating unique articulatory, acoustical and gestural outputs
  • Several different muscle groups work together to generate an acoustically acceptable articulation for a sound or to generate a specific facial expression
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4
Q

examples of contraction principles

A

bilabial sounds, labial sounds, labio-dental sounds.

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5
Q

Bilabial sounds

A

•/p/, /b/, /m/ - Lip muscles close, seal, compress, along with muscle that make up corners of mouth

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6
Q

Labial sounds

A

/u/, /w/ - Lip rounding

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7
Q

Labio-dental sounds

A

/f/, /v/ - Lip produces an area of constriction in association with upper incisors

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8
Q

Contraction of orofacial muscles is involved with…

A

Contraction of orofacial muscles is involved with chewing of food (seal lips, stable buccal wall). Keeps food bolus within confines of the teeth.

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9
Q

Tongue movement is accomplished by …

A

Tongue Movement is accomplished by differential contraction of intrinsic musculature

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10
Q

•Movement of the tongue changes …

A

•Movement of the tongue changes shape of vocal tract à resonant frequencies (formants) of vocal tract change as well.

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11
Q

•Position of vowels in the vowel quadrilateral is related to ….

A

•Position of vowels in the vowel quadrilateral is related to tongue position:

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12
Q

• 1ST formant 1 (F1) is influenced by …

A

• 1ST formant 1 (F1) is influenced by tongue body height

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13
Q

•2ND formant (F2) is influenced by …

A

•2ND formant (F2) is influenced by tongue body A-P (front/back) position

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14
Q

Intrinsic Musculature of Tongue

A

•Change Shape of Tongue

  • Superior Longitudinal Muscle
  • InferiorLongitudinal Muscle
  • Transverse Muscle
  • Vertical Muscle
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15
Q

•Superior Longitudinal Muscle (course and action)

A

Courses along length of tongue, forming upper layer

•Action: Bilateral activation = elevates tongue, unilateral = deviation to one side, retracts tongue with inferior longitudinal

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16
Q

•Inferior Longitudinal Muscle: (Where and action)

A

Lower sides of tongue, not in medial tongue base

•Action: Pulls tip of tongue down, retracts tongue with superior longitudinal. As above, unilateral contraction = deviation to one side.

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17
Q

Transverse Muscle (where and action)

A

•Action: Pulls edges of tongue toward midline, narrowing the tongue

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18
Q

Vertical Muscle (where and action)

A
  • Fibers are perpendicular to and interweave with transverse
  • Action: Pulls tongue toward floor of mouth, flattens tongue
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19
Q

Coronoal Section of the Tongue (Intrinsic Muscles) picture

A
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20
Q

Extrinsic Musculature of Tongue (action)

A

•Change position of the tongue

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21
Q

Extrinsic Muscules of Tongue

A

Genioglossus

Hyoglossus

Styloglossus

Palatoglossus

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22
Q

Genioglossus

A
  • Prime mover of tongue, medial position in tongue
  • Action:
  • Anterior Fibers: Retraction of tongue
  • Posterior Fibers: Protrusion of tongue
  • Both sections: Middle of tongue drawn to floor – cupping the tongue
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23
Q

What do the genioglosses anterior fibers do?

A

retraction of the tongue

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24
Q

What do the genioglosses posterior fibers do?

A

protrusion of the tongue

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25
Q

What cups the tongue? (Draws the middle of the tongue to the floor?)

A

The genioglossus (both sections)

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26
Q

Hyoglossus (action)

A

•Pulls sides of the tongue down, antagonist to palatoglossus

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27
Q

Styloglossus (Action)

A

•Draws the tongue back and up

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28
Q

Palatoglossus (action)

A
  • Anterior faucial pillar
  • lower velum or decrease distance between left and right faucial pillars
  • elevate and retract the tongue if velum is stabilized
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29
Q

extrinsic muscle of the tongue (picture)

30
Q

extrinsic musclulature of the tongue picture movement

31
Q

Velophrayngeal Port

32
Q

VP modifies ….

A

VP modifies degree of coupling between nasopharynx & rest of vocal tract

33
Q

VP - •Partitions the vocal tract

A

•As velum is raised or lowered, overall shape and resonance of vocal tract is altered

34
Q

VP For Nasal Sounds

A

•Velum is lowered to add length and a 2nd resonating cavity to vocal tract

35
Q

VP - Non-nasal sounds

A

•Velum is elevated and retracted to varying degrees to seal VP port and partition the nasal cavity

36
Q

(VP) - Insufficiency •or inadequate close of VP mechanism may result in:

A
  • Nasalized speech
  • Inability to generate Po (oral pressure) for the production of plosives, fricatives and non-nasal vowels
  • Nasal emission
37
Q

VP Port Closure - Highly _____________ between muscles of velum and muscles of pharynx

A

•Highly synchronous activity between muscles of velum and muscles of pharynx

38
Q

•Velum moves_________________ to make contact with posterior pharyngeal wall (PPW), thus increasing _____________of velum

A

•Velum moves superiorly and posteriorly to make contact with posterior pharyngeal wall (PPW), thus increasing bulk and length of velum

39
Q

Velum Forms a ____________ as it moves up and back

A

Velumm Forms a “Velar knee” as it moves up and back

40
Q

During production of non-nasal sounds for speech the velophrayngeal port’s goal is to….

A

to reduce cross-sectional diameter of VP port

41
Q

Which is moving more in the velopharyngeal port?

A

Velum moves the most.

42
Q

In the Velopharyngeal port the Lateral pharyngeal wall (LPW) has ________ motion and thr PPW demonstrates __________ motion

A

In the Velopharyngeal port the Lateral pharyngeal wall (LPW) has medial motion and the PPW demonstrates only a little motion

43
Q

Levator Veli Palatini

A
  • The “velar sling”
  • Major muscle that contributes to upward and backward movement of velar tissue
44
Q

Levator Veli Palatini- origin, insertion, and action

A
  • Origin - temporal bone
  • Insertion - soft palate at midline
  • Action:
  • Forms a sling through velum to elevate and retract due to slight A-P orientation
45
Q

Tensor Veli Palatini (action)

A

•Action - tense anterior velum (aiding in closure), open eustachian tube to permit equalization of air pressure in middle ear

46
Q

Musclulus Uvulae (action)

A
  • Action - shorten and thicken superior (nasal) surface of velum
  • Increases bulk of velum for improved closure of VP port. Lack of muscle bulk may lead to air leaking through nasal cavity (hypernasality)
47
Q

Palatoglossus ( The anterior faucial pillar) (action)

A
  • Action - lower velum or decrease distance between left and right faucial pillars
  • elevate and retract the tongue if velum is stabilized
48
Q

Palatopharyngeus (The posterior faucial pillar) (action)

A
  • Lowers velum
  • Narrows pharynx
49
Q

tensor veli palatini muscle and levator veli palatini muscle area

50
Q

Pharynx and Swallowing- •Pharynx can be subdivided into three sections:

A
  1. Nasopharynx,
  2. Oropharynx,
  3. Laryngopharynx
51
Q

Pharynx and Swallowing-•Each section is bounded by …..

A

Thin sheets of muscle

52
Q

What thin sheets of muscle bind the sections of the pharynx?

A

•(pharyngeal constrictor muscles).

53
Q

pharyngeal constrictor muscles allow us to …

A

These muscles allow us to increase or decrease diameter of the pharynx. •This aids in swallowing as well as in changing the resonant properties of the vocal tract.

54
Q

Here’s a view of the three constrictor muscles of the pharynx

A
  1. superior
  2. middle
  3. inferior
55
Q

The Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor is….

A

•Large muscle, fibers course horizontally, forms “tube–like” structure

56
Q

THE SUPERIOR PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR DOES…

A
  • Action:
  • reduce pharyngeal cross sectional area
  • drawing lateral pharyngeal walls and posterior pharyngeal walls inward to close off nasopharynx during swallowing and speech
57
Q

Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor is…

A

•MPC is a sheet of muscle

58
Q

Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor does (action)

A

Action - primarily pharyngeal constriction

59
Q

The Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor is…

A

IPC is the most inferior of a group of muscles that form muscular wall of the pharynx

60
Q

Inferior aspect of IPC is…

A

Inferior aspect of IPC is the cricopharyngeus (upper sphincter for the esophagus)

61
Q

Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor does… (action)

A

Action - decreases diameter of lower pharynx

62
Q

Stylopharyngeus (action)

A

•Action - elevates and widens the pharynx, especially during swallowing

63
Q

How often do we swallow?

A

About 600 - 2000 times a day

64
Q

Why do we swallow?

A

Basic biological function

65
Q

swallowing is a complex act that involves…

A

activity of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus

66
Q

swallowing is also known as…

A

Deglutition

67
Q

Deglutition is a process of… (describe the sequence)

A
  • Process of moving a bolus of food or liquid into and through the gastric tract
  • Pharyngeal walls contract sequentially to move food through the tract
  • Velopharyngeal (VP) port closes to restrict food (or liquid) from passing into nasal cavity. Closure of VP port is largely dependent on posterior and lateral pharyngeal wall movement (this is different than closure of the port for speech…)
  • Most of process is involuntary: voluntary portion ends when bolus triggers swallowing reflex at level of anterior faucial pillar
68
Q

Swallowing •May be voluntarily or unconsciously initiated (True or false?)

69
Q

Swallowing & respiration are..

A

reciprocal functions:

respiration halts during swallowing

70
Q

Swallowing has 3 (4) phases:

A
  1. (Oral preparatory)
  2. Oral propulsive
  3. Pharyngeal
  4. Esophageal

Anatomy and Physiology - Narolin Reyes (12 decks)

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