Anatomy of the Respiratory System Flashcards
Respiration for Life
•Process of gas exchange, O2 is brought into the body, CO2 is removed.
Respiration for Speech
•Process whereby air can be put under pressure and released in a controlled manner
Structures of Respiration
- Trachea
- Lungs
- Thorax/sternum
- Ribs
- Diaphragm
- Vertebral column
trachea
- Air chambers of the respiratory tract
- 16-20 rings of cartilage separated by fibro-elastic membrane
- Horse shoe shaped (open at posterior)
- Dorsal side shares membrane with esophagus
- Flexible and strong structure
- Begins at the lower border of larynx (cricoid cartilage), ends at bronchi
Bronchi and Alveoli
- Bronchi divide repeatedly into smaller and smaller tubes called bronchioles, which then end in alveoli.
- Alveoli is where gas exchange occurs
Alveolar sacs & Alveoli
- 300-350 million alveoli per lung
- Small size & large number = very large surface area ~70 m2
- Site of gas exchange
- Closely coupled next to blood vessels and capillaries
lungs
- Right lung has three lobes: Superior, middle and inferior
- Left has two lobes upper and lower
- 5 lobes in total
Pleural Cavity
- Pleura: membrane structure that surrounds lungs
- Visceral pleura: inner layer, cover the lungs
- Parietal pleura: outer layer, lines the thoracic cavity, attached to chest wall.
Skeletal Framework for Respiration
- Vertebral column
- Rib Cage
- Shoulder girdle
- Pelvic girdle
Vertebral Column
- 33 segments of bone
- protects & encapsulates spinal cord
- supports the torso
- C1-C7: Cervical
- T1-T12: Thoracic
- L1-L5: Lumbar
- 4 fused vertebrae: Sacral
- 4-5 fused vertebrae: Coccyx (vestigial tail section)
Spinal Cord Injury- leels of Injury and Extent of Paralysis
Ribs
- 12 pairs
- Ribs 1-10 interface with sternum via costal cartilage
- Attached to sternum via costosternal joint (cartilaginous – limited movement)
- Rib pairs 11 & 12 are floaters - no sternal attachment
Sternum
Types of Rib Rotation
Bucket Handle
Pump Handle
Bucket Handle
•Mediolateral lifting, provides greater available volume for respiration
pump handle
- Anterior end of ribs and sternu`m are elevated and move anteriorly, simultaneous forward and upward movement of ribs and sternum
- Less effective change in overall lung volume
Muscles of Inspiration
- Diaphragm (primary muscle)
- Accessory muscles of inspiration
- External intercostals
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Scalenes
- Serratus anterior
muscles of expiration
- Internal intercostals
- Transverse thoracic muscles
- Internal and external oblique’s
- Transverse abdominis
- Rectus abdominus
Diaphragm
- Separates abdominal and thoracic cavity
- PRIMARY MUSCLE OF INSPIRATION
Diaphragm Inhaltion and Exhalation
External Intercostals
- Action: contraction results in superior and anterior movement of ventral ribs and sternum
- Results in an increase in total lung volume
Sternocleidomastoideus
Action: elevates sternum & ribcage, rotates head to side of contraction
Scalenes
Action: stabilize head, potential to increase the superior-inferior dimension of thorax
Serratus Anterior
Action: Elevates
the ribs and rib cage
Internal Intercostals
•Action: lower the ribs
Transverse Thoracic
Action: minimal lowering of costal cartilages, stabilizer (i.e., synergist
Transverse Abdominis
Action: antagonist to diaphragm, compress AB
Internal Abdominal Oblique
Action: bilateral activation, lowers ribs
External Abdominal Oblique
Action :lowers ribs and antagonistic to diaphragm
Rectus Abdominis
Action: Depress rib
cage and
flexion of torso
Muscles Typically Active During Speech: Inspiration
- Diaphragm: primary muscle of inhalation
- External intercostals: active during tidal events
- Internal intercostals: (interchondral portion)
Muscles Typically Active During Speech: Expiration
- Internal intercostals : primary muscle generating pulse-like variations in expiratory effort to alter lung pressure during speech
- Rectus Abdominis: antagonistic to diaphragm à active during LOUD speech, complementary to internal intercostal activity
