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Anatomy and Physiology - Narolin Reyes > Anatomy of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration for Life

A

•Process of gas exchange, O2 is brought into the body, CO2 is removed.

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2
Q

Respiration for Speech

A

•Process whereby air can be put under pressure and released in a controlled manner

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3
Q

Structures of Respiration

A
  • Trachea
  • Lungs
  • Thorax/sternum
  • Ribs
  • Diaphragm
  • Vertebral column
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4
Q

trachea

A
  • Air chambers of the respiratory tract
  • 16-20 rings of cartilage separated by fibro-elastic membrane
  • Horse shoe shaped (open at posterior)
  • Dorsal side shares membrane with esophagus
  • Flexible and strong structure
  • Begins at the lower border of larynx (cricoid cartilage), ends at bronchi
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5
Q

Bronchi and Alveoli

A
  • Bronchi divide repeatedly into smaller and smaller tubes called bronchioles, which then end in alveoli.
  • Alveoli is where gas exchange occurs
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6
Q

Alveolar sacs & Alveoli

A
  • 300-350 million alveoli per lung
  • Small size & large number = very large surface area ~70 m2
  • Site of gas exchange
  • Closely coupled next to blood vessels and capillaries
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7
Q

lungs

A
  • Right lung has three lobes: Superior, middle and inferior
  • Left has two lobes upper and lower
  • 5 lobes in total
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8
Q

Pleural Cavity

A
  • Pleura: membrane structure that surrounds lungs
  • Visceral pleura: inner layer, cover the lungs
  • Parietal pleura: outer layer, lines the thoracic cavity, attached to chest wall.
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9
Q

Skeletal Framework for Respiration

A
  • Vertebral column
  • Rib Cage
  • Shoulder girdle
  • Pelvic girdle
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10
Q

Vertebral Column

A
  • 33 segments of bone
  • protects & encapsulates spinal cord
  • supports the torso
  • C1-C7: Cervical
  • T1-T12: Thoracic
  • L1-L5: Lumbar
  • 4 fused vertebrae: Sacral
  • 4-5 fused vertebrae: Coccyx (vestigial tail section)
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11
Q

Spinal Cord Injury- leels of Injury and Extent of Paralysis

A
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12
Q

Ribs

A
  • 12 pairs
  • Ribs 1-10 interface with sternum via costal cartilage
  • Attached to sternum via costosternal joint (cartilaginous – limited movement)
  • Rib pairs 11 & 12 are floaters - no sternal attachment
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13
Q

Sternum

A
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14
Q

Types of Rib Rotation

A

Bucket Handle

Pump Handle

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15
Q

Bucket Handle

A

•Mediolateral lifting, provides greater available volume for respiration

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16
Q

pump handle

A
  • Anterior end of ribs and sternu`m are elevated and move anteriorly, simultaneous forward and upward movement of ribs and sternum
  • Less effective change in overall lung volume
17
Q

Muscles of Inspiration

A
  • Diaphragm (primary muscle)
  • Accessory muscles of inspiration
  • External intercostals
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Scalenes
  • Serratus anterior
18
Q

muscles of expiration

A
  • Internal intercostals
  • Transverse thoracic muscles
  • Internal and external oblique’s
  • Transverse abdominis
  • Rectus abdominus
19
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • Separates abdominal and thoracic cavity
  • PRIMARY MUSCLE OF INSPIRATION
20
Q

Diaphragm Inhaltion and Exhalation

A
21
Q

External Intercostals

A
  • Action: contraction results in superior and anterior movement of ventral ribs and sternum
  • Results in an increase in total lung volume
22
Q

Sternocleidomastoideus

A

Action: elevates sternum & ribcage, rotates head to side of contraction

23
Q

Scalenes

A

Action: stabilize head, potential to increase the superior-inferior dimension of thorax

24
Q

Serratus Anterior

A

Action: Elevates

the ribs and rib cage

25
Q

Internal Intercostals

A

•Action: lower the ribs

26
Q

Transverse Thoracic

A

Action: minimal lowering of costal cartilages, stabilizer (i.e., synergist

27
Q

Transverse Abdominis

A

Action: antagonist to diaphragm, compress AB

28
Q

Internal Abdominal Oblique

A

Action: bilateral activation, lowers ribs

29
Q

External Abdominal Oblique

A

Action :lowers ribs and antagonistic to diaphragm

30
Q

Rectus Abdominis

A

Action: Depress rib

cage and

flexion of torso

31
Q

Muscles Typically Active During Speech: Inspiration

A
  • Diaphragm: primary muscle of inhalation
  • External intercostals: active during tidal events
  • Internal intercostals: (interchondral portion)
32
Q

Muscles Typically Active During Speech: Expiration

A
  • Internal intercostals : primary muscle generating pulse-like variations in expiratory effort to alter lung pressure during speech
  • Rectus Abdominis: antagonistic to diaphragm à active during LOUD speech, complementary to internal intercostal activity

Anatomy and Physiology - Narolin Reyes (12 decks)

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