anatomy of the articulatory system Flashcards
Articulation
Joining Two Things Together
Articulatory system
•mobile and immobile structures brought into contact with each other to change shape of vocal tract
•PHONEMES
Changes in the shape of the vocal tract produce different acoustical outputs
Vocal Tract
•Vocal tract is like a series of linked and pliable tubes or bottles. Air filled chambers such as tubes will have distinct resonant properties based on shape & length of the tube. This is true for vocal tract as well as for musical instruments.
Vocal tract Shape and Length and resonance
•If we change the shape or length of one of the tubes, the resonant properties will change. If we add or subtract a tube (e.g., the nasal cavity), that will have an impact on the resonant characteristics as well.
Resonance
the quality in a sound of being deep, full, and reverberating
mobile articulators
- Tongue
- Lips
- Velum
- Cheeks
- Mandible
- Chest wall
- Pharyngeal walls
- Laryngeal system
Bones of the face
- Mandible
- Maxilla
- Nasal bone
- Palatine bone
- Vomer
- Zygomatic
- Lacrimal
- Hyoid
Bones of the Skull: Mandible
- Lower jaw – a mobile articulator
- corpus (body)
- ramus
- condyle
- coronoid process
- mandibular foramen
- mylohyoid line
- angle
Mandibular
Hypoplasia
“Mandibular” is the anatomical term referring to the lower jaw or jawbone and “hypoplasia” is a medical term that refers to an under development or growth of a part of the body. Mandibular hypoplasia therefore is the incomplete or under-development of the lower jaw
micrognathia
Micrognathism, also called micrognathia, strawberry chin, hypognathia, or hypogthathism, is a condition where the jaw is undersized. It is also sometimes called “Mandibular hypoplasia”.It is common in infants,but is usually self-corrected during growth, due to the jaws’ increasing in size.
immobile articulators
- Alveolar ridge
- Hard palate (i.e., maxilla, palatine bone)
- Teeth
Maxilla
- Maxilla (upper jaw): an immobile articulator
- Fuses medially during embryogenesis
- Anterior 2/3 of hard palate = palatine process of maxilla
Palatine Bone
- Palatine Bone (immobile)
- Posterior 1/3 of hard palate
Palatal Structure
- Hard Palate:
- Bony plate, anterior 2/3 formed by palatine process of maxilla
- Posterior 1/3 consists of palatine bone. Provides stable platform for mobile muscular valve (i.e., velum) located posteriorly
Palatal Development: Clefting
- Occurs when bones of the palate (palatine processes of maxilla, palatine bone) or muscular structures of soft palate fail to join at midline
- Lips and palate fuse from anterior to posterior during embryonic development
- Interruptions in developmental process can disrupt fusion of lips and/or palatal structures
- Occurs when bones of the palate (palatine processes of maxilla, palatine bone) or muscular structures of soft palate fail to join at midline
- Lips and palate fuse from anterior to posterior during embryonic development
- Interruptions in developmental process can disrupt fusion of lips and/or palatal structures
- complete
- unilateral
- bilateral
- cincomplete
- unilateral
- bilateral
- soft palate only
- submucus cleft palate
- occult submucous cleft palate
Vomer
- Unpaired midline bone, rises from floor of nasal cavity
- Forms inferior & posterior nasal septum (cartilage wall)
- Septal cartilage attaches to vomer forming anterior nasal septum
vomer bone (pic)
Zygomatic bone
the cheek bone
Lacrimal
- Extremely small bones
- Almost hidden
- Articulates with the maxilla
- Frontal bone
- Nasal bone
- Inferior nasal conchae
- Lacrimal means tears
Dental Occlusions
Bones of the Cranial Skeleton
craniosynostosis
Craniosynostosis (from cranio, cranium; + syn, together; + ostosis relating to bone) is a condition in which one or more of the fibrous sutures in an infant skull prematurely fuses by turning into bone (ossification) thereby changing the growth pattern of the skull.
Cavities of the Vocal Tract
- Oral
- Nasal
- Buccal
- Pharyngeal
Buccal Cavity
•Composed of the space lateral to the teeth
•
•Plays a role in oral resonance
•
•Often a site for food to collect in patients with dysphagia
Pharyngeal Cavity
- Forms upper part of the respiratory tract and digestive tract
- Common pathway for food and air
- Contributes to changes in resonance of vocal tract
•
•Three Major Levels of the Pharynx:
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
Oral Cavity
Nasal Cavity
Orbicularis Oris
•Action - Closes lips, compresses lips against teeth, helps protrude lips and shapes lips during speech (very active during lip rounding, bilabial sounds, labio-dental sounds)
(kissing muscle)
Levator labii superior
Action - Raises upper lip and turns it outward (eversion)
Zygomaticus minor
Action - Elevates upper lip
•Zygomaticus major
(Smiling muscle)
•Action - Draws angle of mouth upward and outward (posteriorally)
Levator anguli oris
Action - Raise angle of mouth
Mentalis (pouting muscle)
Action - Raises & everts lower lip, wrinkles skin of chin; lip compression
Depressor labii inferior (Frowning muscle)
Draws lower lip downward and laterally
Depressor anguli oris (Frowning muscle)
Action - Draws angle of mouth downward and laterally
Buccinator
- Action - Compress cheeks against teeth, provide stable lateral wall for oral pressure development during speech, chewing, wind instrument sound generation
- Used for suckling in neonates
Risorius
Action - Retracts angle of mouth directly posterior
Frontalis - muscular sheet covering frontal bone
•Action - Elevate eyebrows and wrinkle forehead
Orbicularis oculi - elliptical muscle surrounding eyelid and orbit
Action - Closes eyelid
Corrugator
- Action - Draws eyebrows together
- Frowning muscle; frequent target of Botox
Summary of Facial Muscle Actions
- Numerous muscles insert into orbicularis oris
- Provides very flexible system for lip protrusion, closure, retraction, elevation, & depression
- Lip retraction & create a stable buccal wall for oral pressure generation
- Risorius
- Buccinator
- Elevate upper lip and oral angle
- Levator labii superior
- Levator anguli oris
- Zigomaticus minor and major (<-smiling muscle)
- Elevation, protrusion of lower lip:
orbicularis oris & mentalis
- Depression
- Depressor labii inferior
- Depressor anguli oris
