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Anatomy and Physiology - Narolin Reyes > NEUROANATOMY > Flashcards

NEUROANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical divisions

A

CNS and PNS

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2
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

12 cranial nerves & 31 spinal nerves

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4
Q

(PNS)Sensory Systems:

A
  • Somatic (touch), Vision, Audition (hearing), Vestibular (balance), Chemical (taste & smell)
  • Visceral (Autonomic: internal organs)
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5
Q

((PNS) Motor Systems:

A
  • Somatic Motor System
  • Innervates skeletal muscles for voluntary behaviors
  • Visceral (Autonomic) Motor System
  • Innervates internal organs, glands, etc. for automatic (unconscious) body functions
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6
Q

The CNS is protected by…

A

•Protected by membrane layers (meninges) and cerebrospinal fluid

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7
Q

Where are PNS nerves and ganglia?

A

THe PNS nerves and ganglia are outside of and attached to the brainstem and the spinal cord. (Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves)

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8
Q

Over Surface of CNS we have the Meninges: 3 layers of protective tissue (what are they in order of superficial to deep)?

A

Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, and Pia Mater

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9
Q

meninges

A

The meninges are the membranes covers the brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

Subdural hematoma

A
  • Blood collects between the layers of tissue that surround the brain.
  • Bleeding occurs between the Dura and the arachnoid.
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11
Q

Basic Functional Organization of the Nervous System

A
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12
Q

Functional divisions:
Autonomic and Somatic

A
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13
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A
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14
Q

Neuron Function:

A
  • Communication: Neurons send and receive messages
  • From one brain region to another
  • From CNS to PNS
  • From PNS to muscles, glands (motor)
  • From PNS to CNS (sensory)
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15
Q

Neuron Components:

A
  • Cell body or soma
  • Information integration area
  • Cytoplasmic extensions
  • Dendrites
  • “Input” zone
  • Typically on soma, look like branches of a tree
  • Axon
  • “Output” zone
  • Often a long extension, leading away from soma
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16
Q

Neurons (picture)

A
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17
Q

Neuron Components

A
  • Soma: where most of the action happens
  • Dendrites: conduct stimulation to soma
  • Axon: carries electrical impulses to other cells
  • Often surrounded by myelin sheath for insulation
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18
Q

nuclei

A

Groups of neuron cell bodies in CNS

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19
Q

ganglia

A

Groups of neuron cell bodies in PNS

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20
Q

tracts or columns

A

Bundles of axons in CNS

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21
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of axons in PNS

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22
Q

Grey Matter

A

•accumulation of cell bodies (somas)

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23
Q

White Matter:

A

•areas made of axon tracts/columns

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24
Q

Anatomical Locations of the Brain

A
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25
Q

Major Subdivisions of the CNS

A

Spinal Cord

Medulla

Pons

Midbrain

Cerebellum

Diencephalon (thalamus & hypothalamus)

Cerebral Hemispheres (cerebrum)

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26
Q

left and right brain characteristics

A
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27
Q

Cerebral cortex surface is folded to increase surface area without increasing volume. What does this create?

A

gyrus, sulcus, and fissures

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28
Q

gyrus and sulcus

A

•Gyrus = ridge; Sulcus = groove/valley

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29
Q

fissure

A

•Fissure = very deep groove

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30
Q

4 main lobes to the Cerebrum

A
  1. Parietal
  2. Occipital
  3. Frontal
  4. Temporal
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31
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • Located at the front of the brain
  • Separated from other lobes by central sulcus
  • Associated with attention, short-term memory tasks, planning, and motivation.
  • Lesion to the frontal lobe an result in inappropriate responses to a situation.
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32
Q

Broca’s Area

A
  • Region in the frontal lobe associated with language processing
  • Research by Pierre Paul Broca indicated impairments to this area resulted in:
  • Lost ability to speak (Broca’s aphasia or expressive aphasia)
  • Ungrammatical speech
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33
Q

Parietal Lobe

A
  • Integrates sensory information, especially for skin:
  • Touch
  • Temperature
  • Pain receptors
  • Sends information to the thalamus
  • Some language processing areas.
  • Damage to this area will result in Hemi-spatial neglect.
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34
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A
  • The region of cortex that is used to plan and execute movements.
  • Sends long axons down to the spinal cord, which connect to the muscles.
  • Motor information
35
Q

SENSORY CORTEX

A

Portion of the human brain responsible for the processing and integration of tactile information

36
Q

Homunculus

A
  • Representation of the anatomical divisions of the primary motor cortex and Primary somatosensory cortex.
  • How body parts are rendered according to how much of the somatosensory cortex is devoted to them
  • Distorted appearance because it depends on the amount of cerebral tissue devoted to the given body region.
37
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Processing sensory input to derive meaning for the appropriate retention of:

  • Visual memories
  • Language
  • comprehension

Lesion can result in:

  • Aphasia
  • Dyslexia
  • Impaired verbal memory
  • Impaired musical skills
  • Deafness
  • And more….
38
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A
  • Lesion in the superior temporal gyrus
  • Damage results in receptive, fluent aphasia
  • The person with aphasia will be able to fluently connect words, but will lack meaning.
39
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Visual processing center

  • Damage to this area can result in:
  • Vision loss
  • Visual hallucinations
  • Color agnosia
  • Movement agnosia
40
Q

summary of lobes

A

Frontal lobe—conscious thought; damage can result in mood changes, social differences, etc. The frontal lobes are the most uniquely human of all the brain structures.

Parietal lobe—plays important roles in integrating sensory information from various senses, and in the manipulation of objects; portions of the parietal lobe are involved with visuospatial processing

Occipital lobe—sense of sight; lesions can produce hallucinations

Temporal lobe—senses of smell and sound, as well as processing of complex stimuli like faces and scenes.

41
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Attached to the bottom of the brain.
  • Plays an important role in motor control.
  • Does not initiate movement, but contributes to coordination
42
Q

Lession in cerebellum (cerebellar ataxia)

A

Lesion can resulted in cerebellar ataxia:

  • Loss of equilibrium
  • Altered walking gait
  • Problems with skilled voluntary and planned movements
43
Q

Ventricles

A
  • Hollow spaces deep within brain filled with (and circulating) cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF)
  • 2 lateral ventricles (one in each hemisphere)
  • 3rd ventricle (midline, between two hemispheres)
  • Connects to lateral ventricles
  • 4th venticle (dorsal to pons of brainstem)
  • Connects to 3rd ventricle
44
Q

Basal Ganglia (basal nuclei)

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus palidus

Organization/guidance of motor functions

45
Q

Thalamus

A

relay station ànearly all sensory systems have a nucleus here

46
Q

Where do the large axon tracts carry information?

A
  • between hemispheres (corpus callosum, anterior commissure)
  • to/from cerebral cortex
47
Q

internal capsule

A

major pathway linking cortex to rest of brain and spinal cord)

48
Q

The thalamus is involved in several functions of the body including:

A
  • Motor Control
  • Receives Auditory, Somatosensory and Visual Sensory Signals
  • Relays sensory signals to the cerebral cortex
  • Controls sleep and awake States
49
Q

Corpus callosum

A
  • Connects left and right hemispheres
  • Facilitates communication between left side of the brain and right side
50
Q

Agenesis

A

•Failure of the Corpus Callosum to develop during embryonic growth

Sometimes associated with:

  • Maternal nutritional deficiencies
  • Infections
  • Fetal alcohol syndrome
  • Craniofacial abnormalities
51
Q

Hydrocephalus

A
  • Buildup of too much cerebrospinal fluid in the brain.
  • Can be congenital, or present at birth.
  • Causes include genetic problems and problems with how the fetus develops.
  • Normally, this fluid cushions your brain.
  • When you have too much, though, it puts harmful pressure on your brain.
  • An unusually large head is the main sign of congenital hydrocephalus.
52
Q

What is the conductive link between the body and brain that connects to medulla(middle)of brainstem

A

The spinal cord

53
Q

Sensations such as touch, pressure, vibration, motion, pain that ________ in limbs, neck, and trunk _______ through SC to brain

A

arise in the limbs and ascend through the spinal cord to the brain

54
Q

Head & neck sensations pass through ___________via ______________

A

brainstem via cranial nerves

55
Q

Commands for voluntary movements in limbs, neck, trunk originate in the________ and _______ through ________ to target muscles

A

originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord

56
Q

SC tissue lies in the vertebral canal: What are the vertebraes?

A
  • 8 cervical vertebrae
  • 12 thoracic v
  • 5 lumbar v
  • 5 sacral v
57
Q
  • SC tissue extends from the __________to________
  • Beyond is the _________(“horse’s tail”): spinal nerve roots
A

base of skull to the 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebrae

horse’s tail =cauda equina

58
Q

31 spinal segments

A
  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
59
Q

One nerve between each pair of adjacent vertebrae, these become ….

A

spinal nerves

60
Q

Spinal Nerves carry…

A

motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between spinal cord and rest of body

61
Q

Each spinal nerve is formed from…

A

dorsal and ventral roots

62
Q

Dorsal roots are…

A

afferent (sensory) axons

Relay sensory info to CNS

63
Q

Ventral roots are

A

efferent (motor) axons

Relay motor info from CNS to rest of body

64
Q

3 segments of brainstem

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla
65
Q

•Connected to spinal cord via the ________.

A

medulla

66
Q

The cranial nerves originate in…

A

the brainstem.

67
Q

Trigeminal Nerve (5th cranial nerve)

A
  • Mixed nerves
  • Motor to muscles of mastication
  • Sensory information from the facial muscles
68
Q

Trigeminal Branches

A
69
Q

Vestibulocochlear (8th cranial nerve)

A
  • sensory
  • Also called acoustic or auditory nerve
  • Auditory information and sense of movement in space
  • Hearing and balance
70
Q

Acoustic Neuroma

A
  • Uncommon, benign and usually slow-growing tumor that develops on the main nerve leading from the inner ear to your brain
  • Can cause hearing loss, ringing in your ear and unsteadiness.
71
Q

Glossopharyngeal

A
  • Mixed
  • Motor to the tongue
  • Taste posterior 1/3
  • Sensory from the soft palate
  • Sensory to posterior 1/3 of tongue
72
Q

What is the most important cranial nerve in Speech Pathology?

A

The Vagus

73
Q

The Vagus

A
  • Mixed nerve
  • Called the wanderer, most extensive
  • Branches recurrent laryngeal, pharyngeal, superior laryngeal
  • Intrinsic muscles of the larynx
  • Taste posterior tongue
  • Pharyngeal and palatal muscles
  • Cricothyroid
74
Q

Accessory Nerve

A
  • Motor
  • Intrinsic muscles of the larynx, pharynx and soft palate
  • Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
  • Lesions
  • Unable to turn head
75
Q

Hypoglossal nerve

A
  • Motor
  • Motor function of the tongue
76
Q

What supplies the head and neck with oxygenated blood?

A

Carotid Artery

77
Q

Major arteries’ of the Neck

A

Vertebral Artery

78
Q

What supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures?

A

Circle of Willis(common place of aneurisms)

79
Q

What supplies blood to the anterior temporal lobes and is one of the three major paired arteries that supply blood to the cerebrum?

A

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)

80
Q

Occlusion to the MCA can result in:

A
  • Paralysis
  • Sensory loss of the contralateral face and arm

•Wernicke’s or Broca’s Aphasia

•Contralateral neglect syndrome.

81
Q

blod clot

A
  • Thrombus, or blood clot
  • Healthy response to injury intended to prevent bleeding
  • But can be harmful when clots obstruct blood flow through healthy blood vessels.
82
Q

Aneurysm

A
  • Blood filled, balloon like bulge in the wall of a blood vessel.
  • If an aneurysm increases in size, the risk of rupture increases.
83
Q

Infarction

A

Tissue death caused by local lack of oxygen, due to an obstruction of the tissue’s blood supply.

84
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology - Narolin Reyes (12 decks)

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