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ENT > Physiology of Taste and Smell > Flashcards

Physiology of Taste and Smell Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organs of gustation?

A

taste buds

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2
Q

What is the life span of taste receptor cells?

A

10 days

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3
Q

What replces taste receptor cells?

A

basal cells within the taste buds

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4
Q

Where are taste buds present?

A

tongue; palate; epiglottis and pharynx

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5
Q

What do taste buds consist of?

A

sensory receptor cells nad support cells arranged like slices of orange

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6
Q

Where do the majority of taste buds sit?

A

in papillae in the tongue

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7
Q

What are papillae?

A

finger-like structures which give rise to the rough appearance of the dorsum of the tonguee

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8
Q

What are the 4 types of papillae?

A

filiform; fungiform; (circum)vallate; foliate

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9
Q

Which of the papillae do not contain taste buds?

A

filliform

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10
Q

How does the biding of tastant produce a receptor potential?

A

binding to receptor cells alters cell ionic channels and produces depolarising receptor potential

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11
Q

What does the receptor potential initiate?

A

APs in afferent nerve fibres which synapse with receptor cells

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12
Q

How do APs from the afferent nerve fibres reach the cortical gustatory areas?

A

signals are conveyed by cranial nerves via brainstem and thalamus

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13
Q

What CN carries APs from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

facial (chorda tympani)

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14
Q

What CN carries APs from the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

A

glossopharyngeal

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15
Q

What CN carries APs from taste buds not on the tongue eg epiglottis and pharynx?

A

vagus

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16
Q

What are the 5 primary tastes?

A

salty; sour; sweet; bitter; unami

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17
Q

What is a salty taste stimulated by?

A

chemical salts esp NaCl

18
Q

What is sour taste stimulated by?

A

acids which contain free H+ ions

19
Q

What is sweet taste stimualted by?

A

configuations of glucose

20
Q

What is bitter taste stimulated by?

A

diverse group of tastants inclding alkaloids; poisonous substances and toxic plant derivatives

21
Q

What is umami taste stimualted by?

A

umami= meaty/savoury

amino acids esp glutamate

22
Q

What ageusia

A

loss of taste

23
Q

what is hypogeusia?

A

reduces taste function

24
Q

What is dysgeusia?

A

distortion of taste function

25
Q

What can cause ageusia?

A

nerve damage; local inflammation; some nedocrine disorders

26
Q

What can cause hypogeusia?

A

chemo; medications

27
Q

What can cause dysgeusia?

A

glossitis; gum infections; tooth decay; reflux; uRTIs; medications; neoplasms; chemo; zinc deficiency

28
Q

What 3 cell types does olfactory mucosa contain?

A

olfactory receptor cells; supporting cells and basal cells

29
Q

What are olfactor receptors?

A

specialised endings of renewable afferent neurons

30
Q

How is a sense of smell created?

A

odorants beind to the cilia which are projected onto the surface of the olfactory mucosa. The cilia are part of the olfactory rod on the olfacor neuron

31
Q

What is life span of an olfactory receptor?

A

2 months

32
Q

How do the olfactory receptors reach the brain?

A

pierce the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone and enter the olfactory bulbs in the inferior surface of hte brain which transmit along the olfactory tract to reach temproal lobe and olfactory areas

33
Q

How do odorants reach the olfactory receptors during quiet breathing?

A

by diffusion as olfactory mucosa is above normal path of airflow

34
Q

How does sniffing enhance sense of smel?

A

draws air currents upwards and creates turbulence to reac hthe olfactory mucosa

35
Q

What 2 features must a substance possess to be smelled?

A

must be sufficiently volatile; sufficiently water soluble- to dissolve in the mucus

36
Q

How can we differentiate between different odours?

A

receptors have different sensitivity to different substances

37
Q

What is anosmia?

A

inability to smell

38
Q

What are the causes of anosmia?

A

viral infection; allergy; nasal polyp; head injury

39
Q

What is hyposmia?

A

reduced ability to smell

40
Q

What is hyposmia an early sign of?

A

Parkinson’s

41
Q

What is dysosmia?

A

altered sense of smell

ENT (13 decks)

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