Physiology I Block II Flashcards

1
Q

Part of saliva that begins initial digestion of carbohydrates

A

Alpha- amylase

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2
Q

Part of saliva that begins initial digestion of lipids

A

Lingual lipase

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3
Q

Part of saliva that provides lubrication

A

Mucin glycoproteins

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4
Q

Enzyme in saliva that acts on kininogen to release bradykinin – vasodilator which accounts
for high salivary blood flow during increased salivary activity

A

Kallikrein

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5
Q

Vitamin B12 binding protein in saliva whos purpose is to protect the transit of this vitamin

A

Haptocorrin (R protein)

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6
Q

Cells (present in the acini and line the
intercalated ducts) which eject saliva into mouth when stimulated
by neural input

A

Myoepithelial cells

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7
Q

Cells modify initial isotonic saliva to produce

final hypotonic saliva by altering electrolyte concentrations

A

Ductal cells

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8
Q

Cells have zymogen granules that contain

amylase

A

Serous acinar cells

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9
Q

Cells secrete mucin glycoproteins

A

Mucus acinar cells

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10
Q

Striated duct epithelium is relatively impermeable to

___ but avidly transports ___.

A

Water, salts

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11
Q

In the salivary striated ducts, the removal of NaCl exceeds the addition of KHCO3,
rendering the final secretion ____, but alkaline.

A

Hypotonic

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12
Q

At ___ flow rates, the final saliva is most similar to plams

A

High

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13
Q

At low slow rates (fasting), the final saliva is most ___ to plasm

A

Dissimilar

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14
Q

Parasympathetic fibers from the glossopharyngeal and facial nerves are dominant in activating ______ receptors to increase IP3/Ca2+ in blood vessels of salivary glands

A

Cholinergic muscarinic

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15
Q

Sympathetic stimulation in the salivary glands can cause increase in ____ via (typically) beta adrenergic receptors

A

cAMP

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16
Q

What type of saliva does sympathetic stimulation result in?

A

Mucous

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17
Q

Bradykinin, produced from kallikrein, results in ____ of blood vessels

A

Dilation

18
Q

PNS can also increase blood flow to the salivary glands by directly releasing:

A

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)

19
Q

What are the four major components of gastric juice?

A

HCl
Pepsinogen
Intrinsic Factor
Mucus

20
Q

The antrum of the stomach secretes what two hormones?

A

Gastrin and somatostatin

21
Q

Parietal cells secrete what? (2)

A

HCl and IF

22
Q

Chief cells secrete what?

A

Pepsinogen

23
Q

Parietal cells contain which important digestion-related pump?

A

H-K-ATPase

24
Q

Which drug can block the H-K-ATPase?

A

PPIs (Omeprazole)

25
Q

Gastric parietal cells secrete H+ in response to? (3)

A

ACh
Gastrin
Histamine

26
Q

ACh is released from vagus nerves and binds to ___ receptors on parietal cells, activating PLC and liberating DAG and IP3 which lead to H+ secretion

A

M3

27
Q

Name a muscarinic receptor antagonist

A

Atropine

28
Q

Histamine is released from ____ cells in the gastric mucosa and binds to ___ receptors on parietal cells, leading to H+ secretion via adenylate cyclase/cAMP.

A

Enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL cells), H2

29
Q

Name an H2 receptor antagonist

A

Cimetidine

30
Q

____ gastrin is secreted in response to a meal, while ___ gastrin is secreted between meals/

A

Little/G17, Big/G34

31
Q

The three jobs of gastrin are:

A

1) Promote H+ secretion by parietal cells
2) Promote growth of mucosa
3) Inhibit gastric emptying

32
Q

What is the term for the ability of two stimuli to produce

a combined response that is greater than the sum of the individual responses?

A

Potentiation

33
Q

30% of stimulated HCl is secreted in the ____ phase, while 60% is secreted in the ___ phase. 10% is in the intestinal phase.

A

Cephalic, gastric

34
Q

What enzyme released from D cells in the stomach and duodenum, inhibits
parietal H+
secretion?

A

Somatostatin

35
Q

____ antagonize
histamine-stimulated acid secretion by
the engaging Gi protein and inhibiting adenylyl
cyclase activity

A

Prostoglandins

36
Q

____ is often the
result of an autoimmune disease
that causes degeneration of the
parietal cell.

A

Pernicious anemia

37
Q
Due to large body stores of
B12, prolonged (3-5 yr) deficiency of
IF secretion (or lack of dietary
intake) is needed to cause
\_\_\_\_\_ because of
defective red blood cell production.
A

Pernicious anemia

38
Q

With a gastric ulcer, there is a/an ____ in gastrin levels.

A

Increase

39
Q

With a duodenal ulcer, there is a/an ____ in gastrin levels.

A

Decrease

40
Q

In this disease, gastrin is secreted by a pancreatic tumor, and there is increased parietal cell mass (and therefore increased H+) due to increased gastrin levels.

A

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome