Embryology Flashcards
Cardinac looping is primarily due to ______?
Differential growth of bulbous cordis and primative left ventricle
What is the embryological source of the ductus arteriosus?
Sixth aortic arch
A 24-year-old woman underwent a physical examination that revealed an apex beat located on 5th right intercostal space. What is the primary cause of this anomaly?
Dextrocardia
Sinoatrial (SA) node is formed from what structure?
VLPM
Neural tube formation is induced by what structure?
Notocord
A patent foramen ovalis is due to a defect in which area?
Septum primum
Incomplete fusion of the endocardial cushions with the septum intermedium is usually associated with which of the type of atrial septal defect (ASD)?
Primum type atrial septal defect
Closure of foramen secundum results from fusion of the:
Septum secundum and atrial walls
The truncus arteriosus of the primitive heart is partitioned by:
The conotruncal/ aorticopulmonary septum
What do the subcardinal veins form?
Part of the inferior vena cava, renal veins and gonadal veins
What do the supracardinal veins form?
Part of the inferior vena cava, the intercostal veins, hemiazygos vein and azygos vein
What does the membranous ventricular septum form from?
Neural crest cells
From what structure does the portal vein form?
Viteline vein
What are the four defects of Tetralogy of Fallot
1) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
2) Pulmonary valve stenosis
3) Misplaced aorta
4) Thickened right ventricular wall (right ventricular hypertrophy)
A patent foramen ovalis is due to a defect in which area?
Septum primum
The narrowing of the pyloric lumen in congenital pyloric stenosis results primarily from:
Hypertropy of the circular muscular layer
The junction of the endodermal epithelium of the hindgut and the ectodermal epithelium of the proctodeum is believed to be indicated by the:
Pectinate line
Annular pancreas is due to which of the following malformed processes
Ventral pancreatic bud rotating ventrally to fuse with dorsal pancreatic bud
The cloaca is divided into the following structures:
Hindgut and proctoderm
The midgut is located only on 1 side. This anomaly would be caused by disruption of which normal embryological processes?
Midgut undergoes 270 degrees of rotation
A infant is brought into the clinic with complaints of chronic discharge from the umbilicus. The embryological basis of this pathology is:
Urachal fistula
Pulmonary surfactant is produced by:
Type II alveolar epithelial cells
What are the stages of lung development and when do they occur?
Weeks 4-5 = Embryonic Weeks 5-17 = Pseudoglandular Weeks 16-25 = Canalicular Weeks 24-40 = Saccular Fetal-8 y.o. = Alveolar
Hyaline membrane disease causes respiratory distress and may cause death in newborn infants. It is commonly associated with:
Surfactant deficiency
Tracheofistula is commonly associated with:
Esophageal atresia
Trachea and bronchi are derived from what embryological source?
Visceral lateral plate mesoderm
What does the superior vena cava form from?
Right cardinal vein and right vitelline vein
