Anatomy Flashcards
Is the spleen intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?
Intraperitoneal
What 2 organs connect to the caecum?
The ileum and the appendix
What are the contents of the RUQ?
Liver, gallbladder, duodenum, head of the pancreas, right kidney and adrenal gland, hepatic flexure of colon, part of transverse and ascending colon
What are the contents of the LUQ?
Stomach, spleen, left lobe of liver, body of pancreas, left kidney and adrenal gland,splenic flexure of colon, part of transverse and descending colon
What structures are contained within the inguinal canal?
The spermatic cord (males), the round ligament (females), blood and lymphatic vessels, and the ilioinguinal nerve.
What are the contents of the RLQ?
Cecum, appendix, right ovary and tube, right spermatic cord, right ureter
What are the contents of the LLQ?
Part of descending colon, sigmoid colon, left ureter, left ovary and tube, left spermatic cord
What are the bones of the pelvis?
True/ inferior pelvis: Sacrum (Ala, S1-5).
False pelvis: Hip bone= Ilium, ischium, pubis
What is the imaginary line at which the axis of the abdominal cavity becomes that of the pelvic cavity (located at the pubic symphysis)?
The pelvic inlet
What is Camper’s fascia?
Camper’s fascia is the layer of fat under the skin of the abdomen below the umbilicus that contains nerves to and from the skin as well as superficial blood vessels.
What is Scarpa’s fascia?
Scarpa’s fascia is the basal attachment of Camper’s fascia, which is tough and membranous, and can hold sutures.
What is deep fascia?
Deep fascia (fascia lata) is below and separate to Scarpa’s fascia, and invests the muscle
What is Colle’s fascia?
Colle’s fascia is the continuation of Scarpa’s fascia along the penis.
What happens to urine with a rupture of the urethra due to trauma?
In shaft of penis without rupture of bucks fascia causes urine in penis shaft enclosed by deep fascia.
With rupture of bucks fascia (at bulb) causes urine everywhere- “butterfly appearance”
What are the skin, muscles, and parietal peritoneum of the abdominal wall supplied by?
T7-L1 Ventral primary ramii
What nerves supply the abdomen apart from the skin, muscles, and parietal peritoneum?
The umbilicus is supplied by 10th thoracic nerve, Intercostal nerves between internal oblique and transversus abdominus.
Subcostal nerve at T12,
Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves at L1
What are the dermatomes and which ones are important?
Sections of cutaneous innervation. T7, below xiphoiod at T6, T10 the umbilicus, T12 the suprapubic region. C.C. shingles from the dorsal root ganglia- wraps around
What are the 4 main muscles of the abdominal wall and where are they?
Rectus abdominus is down center of abdomen.
Laterally, external oblique, with fascia wrapping over rectus abdominus forming the anterior rectus sheath. The posterior section folds and becomes the inguinal ligament.
The internal oblique is deep to the external, fascia splits and courses on either side of rectus abdominus helping to form the rectus sheath.
Posteriorly is transverse abdominus, fascia extends behind rectus abdominus.
What is below the main muscles of the abdomen?
Transversalis fascia and parietal peritoneum
Where do the transversus and internal obliques fuse together?
Conjoint tendon
Describe the difference in the rectus sheath anteriorly vs at the arcuate line and below
Superiorly we have aponeurosis on both sides of the rectus sheath. Below the arcuate line all three aponeurosis are above the sheath, providing less protection to force on the pelvis (c.c. hernias!)
What arteries course through the rectus sheath and where do they come from?
The musculophrenic and the superior epigastric, both from the internal thoracic artery, as well as the inferior epigastric from the iliac artery
What superficial abdominal vein is particularly important and why?
The superficial thoracoepigastric vein can re-rout blood from the liver to the axillary vein (caput medusa, portal hypertension)
What are the boundaries of Hesselbach’s/Inguinal Triangle?
Medial- rectus sheath (linea alba)
Superolateral- inferior epigastric vessels (lateral umbilical fold)
Inferior- iliopubic tract (back side inguinal lig.)
What structure goes through the inguinal canal and tells us whether the person is male or female?
Testicular vessels
What are the internal GU organs of the female?
Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
What are the external GU organs of the female?
Mons pubis, labia majus, labia minus, clitoris, vestibule, vestibular bulb, vestibular glands
What is the function of the Dartos muscle (derived from superficial fascia) in the male?
Withdrawal reflex of testes via scrotum (temperature)
What is the space in a female containing the urethra and clitoris
Vestibule
What is the portion of the erectile body attached to the ischiopubic ramus and extending to the penis or clitoris?
The crus
What are the erectile tissues and muscles of the clitoris
Corpus cavernosum (crus) Corpus spongiosum (glans) Bulbus spongiosus m. around vestibular bulb, Ischiocavernosus m. around crus (lateral)
What female UG gland is posterior to the bulb of the vestibule?
Greater vestibular gland (Bartholin’s)
What muscle wraps bilaterally around the crus in the female?
Ischiocavernosus
What glands are located in the anterior vaginal wall lateral to the urethra?
Lesser vestibular gland (Skene’s/paraurethral)
What does Bartholins gland secrete?
Mucus upon arousal
What are the names of the pouches on either side of the uterus?
Vesicouterine (Pouch of Dunn),
Rectouterine (Pouch of Douglas)
What are the four parts of the uterine tube?
Isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum, fimbrae
Name the embryological defect shown as a split uterine cavity in hysterisalpingogram
Bicornuate uterus
What are the 2 muscles of the pelvic diaphragm?
Lavator ani and coccygeus
What are the 2 muscles that make up the levator ani?
Pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus
What are the contents of the broad ligament of the uterus/
The ovarian ligament and suspensory ligament, ovarian artery, ovary, fallopian tube, uterine artery, and round ligament
What are the 4 direct support ligaments of the female UG cavity?
Broad, cardinal (transverse cervical), uterosacral, round
What connects the ASIS to the pubic tubercle?
The inguinal ligament
What is Darto’s fascia?
Dartos fascia is the continuation of camper’s fascia over the scrotum.
What is the suspensory ligament of the penis made of?
The suspensory ligament is the continuation of deep fascia from the abdominal wall to the penis, where it becomes Buck’s fascia.
What is the ligament of Treizt?
The suspensory ligament of the duodenum
What is Buck’s fascia?
Deep fascia of the penis or Gallaudet’s fascia, a layer of deep fascia covering the three erectile bodies of the penis.
What is Buck’s fascia continuous with?
The suspensory ligament of the penis
What is another name for the arcuate line? What blood vessel enters here?
Douglas’ line or linea semicircularis.
Inferior epigastric vessels perforate rectus abdominus here
Into what 3 parts is the broad ligament of the uterus subdivided?
Mesometrium, mesosalpinx, mesovarium
What is the cremaster muscle (derived from internal oblique)?
Muscle that retracts testes
What are the nerves of the lumbar plexus?
Iliohypogastric Ilioinguinal Genitofemoral Lateral cutaneous of thigh Obturator Femoral
The subcostal nerve is the ventral ramus of what nerve?
12th thoracic
The iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves innervate which muscles?
Internal oblique and transverse muscles of the abdomen
Which nerve supplies the skin above the pubis?
Anterior cutaneous branch of iliohypogastric nerve
What nerve accompanies the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal?
Ilioinguinal n.
The superior epigastric artery arises from which artery?
Internal thoracic
The inferior epigastric artery arises from which artery?
External iliac
The inferior epigastric artery gives rise to which artery?
Cremasteric artery
The deep circumflex iliac artery arises from which artery?
External iliac
The deep circumflex iliac artery gives an ascending branch that anastomoses with what artery?
Musculophrenic
Superficial epigastric arteries arise from which artery?
Femoral
Superficial/external pudendal arteries arise from which artery?
Femoral
What venous connections are formed between the lateral thoracic vein and the superficial epigastric vein?
Thoracoepigastric veins
The round ligament of the liver is a remnant of what embryological structure?
Left umbilical vein
What three recesses can the greater sac be divided into?
Subphrenic (subhepatic)- divided into left and right by the falciform ligament
Subhepatic (hepatorenal or Morrison’s pouch)
Paracolic gutters
Name the natural window between the lesser and greater sacs
Foramen of Winslow, epiploic or omental foramen
What does the stomach produce in it’s fundus and body?
HCL and pepsin
What does the stomach produce in the pyloric antrum?
Gastrin
What 3 things characterize the large intestine?
Teniae coli, haustra, epiploic appendages
