Anatomy

Question 1

Is the spleen intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

Answer 1

Intraperitoneal

Question 2

What 2 organs connect to the caecum?

Answer 2

The ileum and the appendix

Question 3

What are the contents of the RUQ?

Answer 3

Liver, gallbladder, duodenum, head of the pancreas, right kidney and adrenal gland, hepatic flexure of colon, part of transverse and ascending colon

Question 4

What are the contents of the LUQ?

Answer 4

Stomach, spleen, left lobe of liver, body of pancreas, left kidney and adrenal gland,splenic flexure of colon, part of transverse and descending colon

Question 5

What structures are contained within the inguinal canal?

Answer 5

The spermatic cord (males), the round ligament (females), blood and lymphatic vessels, and the ilioinguinal nerve.

Question 6

What are the contents of the RLQ?

Answer 6

Cecum, appendix, right ovary and tube, right spermatic cord, right ureter

Question 7

What are the contents of the LLQ?

Answer 7

Part of descending colon, sigmoid colon, left ureter, left ovary and tube, left spermatic cord

Question 8

What are the bones of the pelvis?

Answer 8

True/ inferior pelvis: Sacrum (Ala, S1-5).

False pelvis: Hip bone= Ilium, ischium, pubis

Question 9

What is the imaginary line at which the axis of the abdominal cavity becomes that of the pelvic cavity (located at the pubic symphysis)?

Answer 9

The pelvic inlet

Question 10

What is Camper’s fascia?

Answer 10

Camper’s fascia is the layer of fat under the skin of the abdomen below the umbilicus that contains nerves to and from the skin as well as superficial blood vessels.

Question 11

What is Scarpa’s fascia?

Answer 11

Scarpa’s fascia is the basal attachment of Camper’s fascia, which is tough and membranous, and can hold sutures.

Question 12

What is deep fascia?

Answer 12

Deep fascia (fascia lata) is below and separate to Scarpa’s fascia, and invests the muscle

Question 13

What is Colle’s fascia?

Answer 13

Colle’s fascia is the continuation of Scarpa’s fascia along the penis.

Question 14

What happens to urine with a rupture of the urethra due to trauma?

Answer 14

In shaft of penis without rupture of bucks fascia causes urine in penis shaft enclosed by deep fascia.
With rupture of bucks fascia (at bulb) causes urine everywhere- “butterfly appearance”

Question 15

What are the skin, muscles, and parietal peritoneum of the abdominal wall supplied by?

Answer 15

T7-L1 Ventral primary ramii

Question 16

What nerves supply the abdomen apart from the skin, muscles, and parietal peritoneum?

Answer 16

The umbilicus is supplied by 10th thoracic nerve, Intercostal nerves between internal oblique and transversus abdominus.
Subcostal nerve at T12,
Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves at L1

Question 17

What are the dermatomes and which ones are important?

Answer 17

Sections of cutaneous innervation. 
T7, below xiphoiod at T6, 
T10 the umbilicus, 
T12 the suprapubic region.
C.C. shingles from the dorsal root ganglia- wraps around

Question 18

What are the 4 main muscles of the abdominal wall and where are they?

Answer 18

Rectus abdominus is down center of abdomen.
Laterally, external oblique, with fascia wrapping over rectus abdominus forming the anterior rectus sheath. The posterior section folds and becomes the inguinal ligament.
The internal oblique is deep to the external, fascia splits and courses on either side of rectus abdominus helping to form the rectus sheath.
Posteriorly is transverse abdominus, fascia extends behind rectus abdominus.

Question 19

What is below the main muscles of the abdomen?

Answer 19

Transversalis fascia and parietal peritoneum

Question 20

Where do the transversus and internal obliques fuse together?

Answer 20

Conjoint tendon

Question 21

Describe the difference in the rectus sheath anteriorly vs at the arcuate line and below

Answer 21

Superiorly we have aponeurosis on both sides of the rectus sheath. Below the arcuate line all three aponeurosis are above the sheath, providing less protection to force on the pelvis (c.c. hernias!)

Question 22

What arteries course through the rectus sheath and where do they come from?

Answer 22

The musculophrenic and the superior epigastric, both from the internal thoracic artery, as well as the inferior epigastric from the iliac artery

Question 23

What superficial abdominal vein is particularly important and why?

Answer 23

The superficial thoracoepigastric vein can re-rout blood from the liver to the axillary vein (caput medusa, portal hypertension)

Question 24

What are the boundaries of Hesselbach’s/Inguinal Triangle?

Answer 24

Medial- rectus sheath (linea alba)
Superolateral- inferior epigastric vessels (lateral umbilical fold)
Inferior- iliopubic tract (back side inguinal lig.)

Question 25

What structure goes through the inguinal canal and tells us whether the person is male or female?

Answer 25

Testicular vessels

Question 26

What are the internal GU organs of the female?

Answer 26

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

Question 27

What are the external GU organs of the female?

Answer 27

Mons pubis, labia majus, labia minus, clitoris, vestibule, vestibular bulb, vestibular glands

Question 28

What is the function of the Dartos muscle (derived from superficial fascia) in the male?

Answer 28

Withdrawal reflex of testes via scrotum (temperature)

Question 29

What is the space in a female containing the urethra and clitoris

Answer 29

Vestibule

Question 30

What is the portion of the erectile body attached to the ischiopubic ramus and extending to the penis or clitoris?

Answer 30

The crus

Question 31

What are the erectile tissues and muscles of the clitoris

Answer 31

``` Corpus cavernosum (crus) Corpus spongiosum (glans) Bulbus spongiosus m. around vestibular bulb, Ischiocavernosus m. around crus (lateral) ```

Question 32

What female UG gland is posterior to the bulb of the vestibule?

Answer 32

Greater vestibular gland (Bartholin’s)

Question 33

What muscle wraps bilaterally around the crus in the female?

Answer 33

Ischiocavernosus

Question 34

What glands are located in the anterior vaginal wall lateral to the urethra?

Answer 34

Lesser vestibular gland (Skene’s/paraurethral)

Question 35

What does Bartholins gland secrete?

Answer 35

Mucus upon arousal

Question 36

What are the names of the pouches on either side of the uterus?

Answer 36

Vesicouterine (Pouch of Dunn), | Rectouterine (Pouch of Douglas)

Question 37

What are the four parts of the uterine tube?

Answer 37

Isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum, fimbrae

Question 38

Name the embryological defect shown as a split uterine cavity in hysterisalpingogram

Answer 38

Bicornuate uterus

Question 39

What are the 2 muscles of the pelvic diaphragm?

Answer 39

Lavator ani and coccygeus

Question 40

What are the 2 muscles that make up the levator ani?

Answer 40

Pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus

Question 41

What are the contents of the broad ligament of the uterus/

Answer 41

The ovarian ligament and suspensory ligament, ovarian artery, ovary, fallopian tube, uterine artery, and round ligament

Question 42

What are the 4 direct support ligaments of the female UG cavity?

Answer 42

Broad, cardinal (transverse cervical), uterosacral, round

Question 43

What connects the ASIS to the pubic tubercle?

Answer 43

The inguinal ligament

Question 44

What is Darto's fascia?

Answer 44

Dartos fascia is the continuation of camper’s fascia over the scrotum.

Question 45

What is the suspensory ligament of the penis made of?

Answer 45

The suspensory ligament is the continuation of deep fascia from the abdominal wall to the penis, where it becomes Buck’s fascia.

Question 46

What is the ligament of Treizt?

Answer 46

The suspensory ligament of the duodenum

Question 47

What is Buck's fascia?

Answer 47

Deep fascia of the penis or Gallaudet's fascia, a layer of deep fascia covering the three erectile bodies of the penis.

Question 48

What is Buck's fascia continuous with?

Answer 48

The suspensory ligament of the penis

Question 49

What is another name for the arcuate line? What blood vessel enters here?

Answer 49

Douglas' line or linea semicircularis. | Inferior epigastric vessels perforate rectus abdominus here

Question 50

Into what 3 parts is the broad ligament of the uterus subdivided?

Answer 50

Mesometrium, mesosalpinx, mesovarium

Question 51

What is the cremaster muscle (derived from internal oblique)?

Answer 51

Muscle that retracts testes

Question 52

What are the nerves of the lumbar plexus?

Answer 52

``` Iliohypogastric Ilioinguinal Genitofemoral Lateral cutaneous of thigh Obturator Femoral ```

Question 53

The subcostal nerve is the ventral ramus of what nerve?

Answer 53

12th thoracic

Question 54

The iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves innervate which muscles?

Answer 54

Internal oblique and transverse muscles of the abdomen

Question 55

Which nerve supplies the skin above the pubis?

Answer 55

Anterior cutaneous branch of iliohypogastric nerve

Question 56

What nerve accompanies the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal?

Answer 56

Ilioinguinal n.

Question 57

The superior epigastric artery arises from which artery?

Answer 57

Internal thoracic

Question 58

The inferior epigastric artery arises from which artery?

Answer 58

External iliac

Question 59

The inferior epigastric artery gives rise to which artery?

Answer 59

Cremasteric artery

Question 60

The deep circumflex iliac artery arises from which artery?

Answer 60

External iliac

Question 61

The deep circumflex iliac artery gives an ascending branch that anastomoses with what artery?

Answer 61

Musculophrenic

Question 62

Superficial epigastric arteries arise from which artery?

Answer 62

Femoral

Question 63

Superficial/external pudendal arteries arise from which artery?

Answer 63

Femoral

Question 64

What venous connections are formed between the lateral thoracic vein and the superficial epigastric vein?

Answer 64

Thoracoepigastric veins

Question 65

The round ligament of the liver is a remnant of what embryological structure?

Answer 65

Left umbilical vein

Question 66

What three recesses can the greater sac be divided into?

Answer 66

Subphrenic (subhepatic)- divided into left and right by the falciform ligament Subhepatic (hepatorenal or Morrison’s pouch) Paracolic gutters

Question 67

Name the natural window between the lesser and greater sacs

Answer 67

Foramen of Winslow, epiploic or omental foramen

Question 68

What does the stomach produce in it’s fundus and body?

Answer 68

HCL and pepsin

Question 69

What does the stomach produce in the pyloric antrum?

Answer 69

Gastrin

Question 70

What 3 things characterize the large intestine?

Answer 70

Teniae coli, haustra, epiploic appendages