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AUC Med > Histology Unit 3 > Flashcards

Histology Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of lymphocytes?

A

T cells, B cells, and NK cells

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2
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells, or ____, recognize antigen _____ on virus infected, foreign, or cancer cells, and attacked them

A

CD8+ cells, MHC I

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3
Q

Helper T-cells, or _____ cells contain TCRs which recognize antigen____ on APC’s, and produce cytokines which activate Tc, B, and NK cells as well as macrophages.

A

CD4+ cells, MHC II

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4
Q

B cells differentiate into _____ which secrete antibodies which tag antigens for destruction, and _____, which are programmed to respond quickly to a second AG encounter

A

Plasma cells, memory cells

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5
Q

What is the only distinguishable type of differentiated lymphocyte, having a clock-face nucleus, basophils cytoplasm, and visible golgi on LCT?

A

Plasma cells

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6
Q

Increased lymphocytes is an indicator for what type of infection?

A

Viral

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7
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A

Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

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8
Q

What is the first cell type which migrates to a site of acute tissue inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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9
Q

Which WBC type have a multi-lobed nucleus?

They are also the most abundant WBC.

A

Neutrophils

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10
Q

What WBC has a large role in defense against parasitic infections and attenuate allergic reaction (basophil antagonist)?
Note bilobed nucleus and granules with “bars.”

A

Eosinophils

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11
Q

What WBC type mediate inflammatory and allergic reactions by releasing heparin and histamine?
Note dark granules

A

Basophils

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12
Q

Heparin is a _____, and histamine is a _____.

A

Anticoagulant, vasodilator

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13
Q

Platelets, or ______, mediate blood clotting

A

Thrombocytes

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14
Q

What type of WBC is very large with a “kidney-bean” nucleus?

A

Monocyte

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15
Q

Elevated monocyte levels typically signals:

A

Chronic inflammatory reactions

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16
Q

What type of cell forms platelets?

A

Megakaryocytes

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17
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to what two types of common progenitor cells?

A

Lymphoid and myeloid

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18
Q

For how long do erythrocytes live?

A

100-120 days

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19
Q

Erythropoietin is a hormone synthesized by ____ in response to decreased blood oxygen concentration.

A

The kidneys

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20
Q

What are the 6 stages of red blood cells during erythropoiesis?

A 
Proerythroblast
Basophilic erythroblast
Polychromatophilic erythroblast
Orthochromatic erythroblast 
Reticuloblast
Erythrocyte
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21
Q

What are the stages of granulopoeisis?

A 
Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Myelocyte
——-separate lineages—-
Metamyelocyte
Band cell (neutrophils only)
Mature cell
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22
Q

What are the layers of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

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23
Q

What type of hormone does the zona reticularis produce?

A

Gonadocorticoids

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24
Q

What type of hormone does the zona fasciculata produce?

A

Glucocorticoids

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25
Q

What type of hormone does the zona glomerulosa produce?

A

Mineralocorticoids

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26
Q

Give an example of a mineralocorticoid

A

Aldosterone

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27
Q

Give an example of a glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol

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28
Q

Give an example of a gonadocorticoid

A

Weak androgens

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29
Q

What is the major cell type in the adrenal medulla and what hormones do they secrete?

A

Chromaffin cells, catecholamines: adrenaline and noradrenaline

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30
Q

What hormone is produced by the parafollicular cells in the thyroid?

A

Calcitonin

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31
Q

Thyroid follicles contain what substance?

A

Colloid -Precursor to thyroid hormone called “thyroglobulin”

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32
Q

Colloid is a stored, inactive form of:

A

Thyroid hormone: T3/T4

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33
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

Decrease blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts

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34
Q

What is the function of thyroid hormone?

A

Regulate metabolic activity

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35
Q

What is the major cell type of the pineal gland and what do they produce?

A

Pinealocytes, melatonin

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36
Q

What is another name of the pituitary gland?

A

Hypophysis

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37
Q

What are the two major sections of the pituitary gland?

A

neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis

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38
Q

What structure forms from oral ectoderm and eventually forms the pars intermedius and pars distalis in the pituitary gland?

A

Rathke’s pouch

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39
Q

The neurohypophysis contains the posterior pituitary called the:

A

Pars nervosa

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40
Q

The adenohypophysis contains the anterior pituitary called the:

A

Pars distalis

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41
Q

What are the two types of cells in the pars distalis?

A

Chromatophobes and chromatophils

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42
Q

What types of cells in the pars distalis are considered chromatophils?

A

Acidophils and basophils

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43
Q

What are the two types of acidophils in the pars distalis?

A

somatotrophs and mammotrophs

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44
Q

What hormone do mammotrophs secrete?

A

Prolactin

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45
Q

What hormone do somatotrophs secrete?

A

GH

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46
Q

What are the three types of cells considered to be basophils in the pars distalis?

A

Corticotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Gonadotrophs

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47
Q

What hormone(s) are produced by corticotrophs?

A

ACTH

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48
Q

What hormone(s) are produced by thyrotrophs?

A

TSH

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49
Q

What hormone(s) are produced by gonadotrophs?

A

FSH and LH

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50
Q

What are the two main hormones produced by the neurohypophysis?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

51
Q

The lighter staining B-cell rich region in a lymphatic nodule is called a:

A

Germinal center

52
Q

If a nodule has a germinal center it is categorized as:

53
Q

The supportive cells of the thymus are called:

A

Epithelioreticular cells

54
Q

The thymus is separated into ___ which each contain cortex and medulla

55
Q

Lymph nodes have nodules in the ___ , separated into superficial and deep, and a large centrolateral medulla

56
Q

The walls of lymphocytes protruding into the medulla of a lymph node are called:

A

Lymphatic cord

57
Q

Lymph flows through epithelially lined ____ in the lymph node to collect at the medulla

A

Lymphatic sinuses

58
Q

The supportive cells of the lymph nodes which create a meshwork are called:

A

Reticular cells

59
Q

Lymph can also enter lymph nodes via specialized ___ vessels which enter into the deep cortex

A

High endothelial

60
Q

The spleen is separated into:

A

White pulp and red pulp

61
Q

The splenic nodule is accompanied by what type of blood vessel?

A

Central arteries

62
Q

What is PALS?

A

Peri-Arterial Lymphatic Sheath, a collection of T-cells surrounding the central artery

63
Q

What is the obstacle course that red blood cells must pass through to enter back into the blood stream?

A

Splenic sinusoids

64
Q

What cells secrete calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular cells

65
Q

What is the major cell type of the parathyroid glands?

A

Chief cells

66
Q

What gland contains brain sand?

A

Pineal gland

67
Q

The pars intermedius can be identified by accompanying:

68
Q

Clumps of proteins within a swollen axon in the pars nervosa are called?

A

Herring bodies

69
Q

What are the types of basophils in the pars distalis of the pituitary gland?

A

Gonadotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Corticotroph

70
Q

What do corticotrophs secrete?

71
Q

What do thyrotrophs secrete?

72
Q

What do gonadotrophs secrete?

A

FSH and LH

73
Q

What are the five layers of the cornea?

A 
Epithelium
Bowman's membrane
Substantia propria (corneal stroma)
Descemet's membrane
Endothelium
74
Q

What is the pigmented epithelium of the retina and nervous retina?

75
Q

What is the loose layer of the choroid, filled with elastic fibers and pigmented cells?

A

Epichoroid

76
Q

What are the three layers of the ciliary body?

A

Bruch’s membrane
Pigment epithelium
Ciliary epithelium

77
Q

What is the irregular ring where the nervous retina ends and the ciliary body begins?

A

Ora serrata

78
Q

What is the anterior chamber of the ciliary body bound by?

A

Cornea, iris, lens

79
Q

What is the posterior chamber of the ciliary body bound by?

A

Lens, iris, ciliary processes, zonule

80
Q

What is the thin, watery fluid contained in the posterior and anterior chambers of the ciliary body?

A

Aqueous humour

81
Q

What are the four parts of the lense of the eye?

A

Capsule
Epithelium
Lense substance
Zonule

82
Q

What is the clear, semisolid gel that fills the space posterior to the sense of the eye, supporting the retina?

A

Vitreous body

83
Q

What part of the conjunctiva covers the sclera?

A

Bulbar conjunctiva

84
Q

What part of the conjunctiva lines the eyelid?

A

Palpebral conjunctiva

85
Q

What is the light sensitive part of the eye?

86
Q

How many layers does the retina have?

87
Q

What anchors the ciliary processes to the lens?

A

Zonular fibers

88
Q

What muscle changes sphincter of the eye to relax or contract?

A

Ciliary muscle

89
Q

The process of the lens of the eye changing shape to allow far/near vision is called:

A

Lens accommodation

90
Q

Loss of lens accommodation due to age is called:

A

Presbyopia

91
Q

What muscles allow change in size of the pupil?

A

Sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae

92
Q

What proteins maintain the transparency of the lense? What do they differentiate into?

A

Crystallins, lens fibers

93
Q

What are the two structures in the outermost fibrous layer of the wall of the eye?

A

Cornea

Sclera

94
Q

What are the three structures of the pigmented, vascular layer of the wall of the eye

A

Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

95
Q

What are the two layers of the innermost layer of the wall of the eye

A

Retinal Pigmented epithelium

Neural retina

96
Q

The axons of ganglion cells form the:

A

Optic nerve

97
Q

What is the basal side of the retinal pigment epithelium that is often considered part of the chorion?

A

Bruch’s membrane

98
Q

The photopigment contained in rods is:

99
Q

The photopigment of cones is:

100
Q

Retinal is a type of vitamin A found in:

101
Q

An image is focused on what part of the retina?

A

Fovea centralis

102
Q

The region where the optic nerve leaves the eye, interrupting the retina is called the:

A

Optic disc

103
Q

Where are most of the cones in the eye located?

A

Fovea centralis

104
Q

What organ in the cochlea detects physical air waves or sound?

A

Organ of Corti

105
Q

What ear organ acts as a sound collecting funnel, helping to disctinguish sounds from in front and behind?

106
Q

What outer ear portion is a continuation of the auricular cartilage, bounded by the tympanic membrane medially?

A

External auditory meatus

107
Q

What are the specialized sweat glands of the external auditory meatus and what do they produce?

A

Ceruminious glands, cerum

108
Q

What is the irregular air-filled space of the middle ear lined with cuboidal epithelium?

A

Tympanic cavity

109
Q

What are the three bones of the middle ear?

A

Malleus, inces, stapes

110
Q

What are the four layers of the tympanic membrane?

A

Thin skin, radial fibers, circular fibers, cuboidal ep.

111
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

Amplifier and transducer, convert sound waves to mechanical vibrations

112
Q

The internal ear consists of fluid-filled sacs and tubules comprising the:

A

membranous labyrinth

113
Q

What is the viscous fluid similar to intracellular fluid inside the membranous labyrinth?

114
Q

The bony labyrinth is lined with:

A

Periosteum

115
Q

What fluid, similar to extracellular fluid, lines the bony labyrinth?

116
Q

What are the two sense organs of the ear?

A

Organ of Corti

Vestibular organ

117
Q

The footplate of the stapes is held in place by the:

A

Annular ligament

118
Q

What is the central, bony shaft of the cochlear canal, containing vessels, nerves, and ganglion?

119
Q

What is the name of the thickened periosteum where basilar membrane joins the outer wall?

A

Spiral ligament

120
Q

What is the name of the thickened upper border of the membranous spiral lamina?

A

Spiral limbus

121
Q

What is the richly vascularized site of endolymph synthesis, located on the lateral wall of the cochlear duct?

A

Stria vascularis

122
Q

Hair cells in the organ of Corti are embedded in the ___ which is produced by interdental cells?

A

Tectorial membrane

123
Q

Hairs in the macula of the utricle (vestibular organ) are embedded in the _____

A

Otolithic membrane

124
Q

What is the name of the cochlear duct containing the organ of Corti?

A

Scala media

AUC Med (12 decks)

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