Physiology / Function: CV & Pulmonary Flashcards
Describe the size & shape of the human heart.
Hollow & Cone-Shaped, about the size of a person’s fist.
What are the 3 layers of tissue located in the heart?
Pericardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
What is the inner layer of the pericardium called?
Epicardium.
Describe the Pericardium.
Fibrous protective sac.
Describe the Myocardium.
Heart Muscle, striated fibers w/ numerous mitochondria.
Describe Myocardium Contractions.
Rhythmic contractions, with fibers contracting as a functional unit.
What form of energy metabolism occurs at the heart.
Aerobic
Describe the Endocardium.
Smooth lining of the inner surface & cavities of the heart.
What is the purpose of the Atrial Septum?
The atrial septum separates the atrium into left & right sides.
What is the thickness of the Right Atria walls?
1mm
What is the thickness of the Left Atria?
2mm
What is the thickness of the Right Ventricle wall?
3mm
What is the thickness of the Left Ventricle Wall?
10mm
What is the Aorta’s relationship and position with the heart?
Exits upwards from the LV. Delivers oxygenated blood to the body.
What is the Pulmonary Artery’s relationship and position with the heart?
Leaves from the RV. Delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Do heart valves provide one-way or two-way flow?
One-way flow when functioning normally.
Which type of valve is associated with diastole (ventricular filling) & preventing any backflow?
Semilunar Valve.
Which type of valve is associated with ventricular systole (ejection) & preventing any backflow?
Atrioventricular Valve.
Blood from the head, neck, and arms, makes its way to the right atrium via which structure?
Superior Vena Cava (upper systemic circuit)
Blood from “below” the neck makes it’s way to the right atrium via which structure?
Inferior Vena Cava (lower systemic circuit)
Pulmonary Arteries take blood from _____ to _____ ?
From (Right Atrium > Right Ventricle) to R & L Lungs.
What structure returns blood from the lungs to the heart?
Pulmonary Veins (2 veins for each lung, 4 total).
What is Stroke Volume (SV)?
The amount of blood ejected w/ each contraction.
What is a normal stroke volume?
55 - 100 mL/beat
What 3 factors affect stoke volume?
Preload, Inotropy, Afterload.
What is Preload? (LVEDV)
(Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume): the amount of blood left in the ventricle at the end of diastole.
What is Inotropy?
The ability of the ventricle to contract.
What is Afterload?
The force the LV must generate during systole to overcome aortic pressure to open the aortic valve.
What is Cardiac Output (CO)?
(SV * HR = CO) The amount of blood discharged from the Left or Right ventricle per minute.
What is the average CO of an adult at rest?
4-5 L / min
What is Ejection Fraction (EF)?
The percentage of blood emptied from the ventricle during systole.
What is the formula for Ejection Fraction?
EF = SV (Stroke Volume) / LVEDV (Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume)
What is a normal EF %
60 - 70%
Cholinergic Pathway (parasympathetic): What innervates or interacts with what & through which anatomical pathway.
Medulla Oblongata (cardioinhibitory) innervates the myocardium via the vagus nerve.
What chemical does the cholinergic inhabitation pathway utilize and what is the physiological outcome?
Utilizes ACh which slows the rate & force of contraction via coronary vasoconstriction.
Adrenergic Pathway (sympathetic): What innervates or interacts with what & through which anatomical pathway.
Medulla Oblongata (cardioacceleratory) innervates all but ventricular myocardium via T1-T4 spinal cord segments + upper thoracic / superior cervical ganglia.
What chemical does the adrenergic acceleratory pathway utilize and what is the physiological outcome?
Utilizes Epinepherine & Norepinepherine which increases the rate & force of myocardial contraction & metabolism via vasodilation.
What are baroreceptors and where are they located?
They detect pressure changes in the circulatory system (BP) and are located at the carotid artery sinuses & aortic arch.
What are chemoreceptors?
They are sensitive to chemical changes (O2, CO2, & Lactic Acid)
Heart Rate changes are directly proportional to which physiological measurement.
Body Temperature
What do ION concentrations influence?
They change action potentials, thus producing changes in myocardial contractility.
What is Hyperkalemia [K] ?
Can affect heart rhythm & suppress heart activity.
What is Hypokalemia [K] ?
Premature ventricular & atrial contractions, tachyarrhythmias, and atrioventricular block.
What is Hypercalcemia [Ca2+] ?
Palpitations, cardiac arrhythmias.
What is Hypocalcemia [Ca2+] ?
Can lead to a slow heart beat.
What is Systole and what # should it be?
Ventricular Contraction / Normal ESV = 50mL
What is Diastole and what # should it be?
Ventricular relaxation & filling of blood / Normal EDV = 120 mL.
For S1 to indicate normal closure of mitral & tricuspid valves, a _____ sound should be heard.
“LUB” (ventricular systole)
For S2 to indicate normal closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves, a _____ sound should be heard.
“DUB” (ventricular diastole)
In healthy people, the cusps / leaflets of the heart valves should be ______ when closed, to prevent ______ ?
Valves should overlap each other to prevent backflow or regurgitation.
Describe the sequence of the valves of a heart beat.
Aortic Pressure > (Semilunar Valves Open | Aortic Valve Close) “LUB”
Ventricular Pressure > (Semilunar Valves Close | AV Open) “DUB”
What are 2 major types of valvular disease?
Regurgitant (back flow) & Stenosis (narrowing)
Where are valvular diseases most prone to on the heart?
LEFT side due to higher pressures.
What is a heart murmer?
An extra or unusual sound heard during a heart beat.
Which is longer: (S1 to S2), or (S2 to S1)?
Time duration between S1 & S2 is half as long between S2 & the next S1.
If there is an S3 present, is that normal or abnormal? What does it indicate?
S3 = “lub-dub-ta” - It is a ventricular gallup indicating heart failure or an enlarged heart.
If there is an S4 present, is that normal? What does it indicate?
S4 = “ba-DUM” bump - It is an atrial gallup indicating stiff ventricle (poor elasticity of the chamber - can’t fully extend)
Which artery or circulation pathway supplies the heart with O2?
Coronary Artery or Coronary Circulation.
What does it mean to be Ischemic?
Not enough (oxygenated) blood flow is reaching it’s target.
What is Partial Ischemia?
Angina (chest pain) caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.
What is Total Ischemia?
Myocardial Infarction (heart attack) blood flow STOPS to part of the heart.
What supplies blood supply to the LV & LA, specifically the lateral walls?
Left Main Coronary Artery
What supplies blood supply to the L & R Ventricles?
Left Anterior Descending Artery
What does the right main coronary artery (RCA) supply blood to?
RA, RV, LV, AV node, Bundle of His
What is myocardial O2 Demand?
The energy cost to the myocardium. Heart needs ATP for contractions every second. (RPP = HR x SBP)
When does ischemic heart disease occur & from which artery deficit?
When the coronary artery can’t meet O2 demand.
What structures make up the upper airways?
Nose or Mouth, Pharynx, Larynx.
What structures make up the lower airways?
Trachea, Bronchioles, Alveolar (ducts, sacs, alveoli)
How many lobes & segments of the R lung?
3 lobes, 10 segments
How many lobes & segments of the L lung?
2 lobes, 8 segments.
Describe abnormal lung sounds.
Crackle, wheeze, rhonchus, or a pleural friction rub.
Describe normal lung sounds.
harsh & hollow sounds.
