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DPT830 (Exam 1) > Physiology / Function: CV & Pulmonary > Flashcards

Physiology / Function: CV & Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the size & shape of the human heart.

A

Hollow & Cone-Shaped, about the size of a person’s fist.

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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of tissue located in the heart?

A

Pericardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

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3
Q

What is the inner layer of the pericardium called?

A

Epicardium.

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4
Q

Describe the Pericardium.

A

Fibrous protective sac.

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5
Q

Describe the Myocardium.

A

Heart Muscle, striated fibers w/ numerous mitochondria.

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6
Q

Describe Myocardium Contractions.

A

Rhythmic contractions, with fibers contracting as a functional unit.

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7
Q

What form of energy metabolism occurs at the heart.

A

Aerobic

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8
Q

Describe the Endocardium.

A

Smooth lining of the inner surface & cavities of the heart.

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the Atrial Septum?

A

The atrial septum separates the atrium into left & right sides.

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10
Q

What is the thickness of the Right Atria walls?

A

1mm

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11
Q

What is the thickness of the Left Atria?

A

2mm

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12
Q

What is the thickness of the Right Ventricle wall?

A

3mm

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13
Q

What is the thickness of the Left Ventricle Wall?

A

10mm

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14
Q

What is the Aorta’s relationship and position with the heart?

A

Exits upwards from the LV. Delivers oxygenated blood to the body.

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15
Q

What is the Pulmonary Artery’s relationship and position with the heart?

A

Leaves from the RV. Delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

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16
Q

Do heart valves provide one-way or two-way flow?

A

One-way flow when functioning normally.

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17
Q

Which type of valve is associated with diastole (ventricular filling) & preventing any backflow?

A

Semilunar Valve.

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18
Q

Which type of valve is associated with ventricular systole (ejection) & preventing any backflow?

A

Atrioventricular Valve.

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19
Q

Blood from the head, neck, and arms, makes its way to the right atrium via which structure?

A

Superior Vena Cava (upper systemic circuit)

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20
Q

Blood from “below” the neck makes it’s way to the right atrium via which structure?

A

Inferior Vena Cava (lower systemic circuit)

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21
Q

Pulmonary Arteries take blood from _____ to _____ ?

A

From (Right Atrium > Right Ventricle) to R & L Lungs.

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22
Q

What structure returns blood from the lungs to the heart?

A

Pulmonary Veins (2 veins for each lung, 4 total).

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23
Q

What is Stroke Volume (SV)?

A

The amount of blood ejected w/ each contraction.

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24
Q

What is a normal stroke volume?

A

55 - 100 mL/beat

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25
Q

What 3 factors affect stoke volume?

A

Preload, Inotropy, Afterload.

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26
Q

What is Preload? (LVEDV)

A

(Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume): the amount of blood left in the ventricle at the end of diastole.

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27
Q

What is Inotropy?

A

The ability of the ventricle to contract.

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28
Q

What is Afterload?

A

The force the LV must generate during systole to overcome aortic pressure to open the aortic valve.

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29
Q

What is Cardiac Output (CO)?

A

(SV * HR = CO) The amount of blood discharged from the Left or Right ventricle per minute.

30
Q

What is the average CO of an adult at rest?

A

4-5 L / min

31
Q

What is Ejection Fraction (EF)?

A

The percentage of blood emptied from the ventricle during systole.

32
Q

What is the formula for Ejection Fraction?

A

EF = SV (Stroke Volume) / LVEDV (Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume)

33
Q

What is a normal EF %

A

60 - 70%

34
Q

Cholinergic Pathway (parasympathetic): What innervates or interacts with what & through which anatomical pathway.

A

Medulla Oblongata (cardioinhibitory) innervates the myocardium via the vagus nerve.

35
Q

What chemical does the cholinergic inhabitation pathway utilize and what is the physiological outcome?

A

Utilizes ACh which slows the rate & force of contraction via coronary vasoconstriction.

36
Q

Adrenergic Pathway (sympathetic): What innervates or interacts with what & through which anatomical pathway.

A

Medulla Oblongata (cardioacceleratory) innervates all but ventricular myocardium via T1-T4 spinal cord segments + upper thoracic / superior cervical ganglia.

37
Q

What chemical does the adrenergic acceleratory pathway utilize and what is the physiological outcome?

A

Utilizes Epinepherine & Norepinepherine which increases the rate & force of myocardial contraction & metabolism via vasodilation.

38
Q

What are baroreceptors and where are they located?

A

They detect pressure changes in the circulatory system (BP) and are located at the carotid artery sinuses & aortic arch.

39
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

They are sensitive to chemical changes (O2, CO2, & Lactic Acid)

40
Q

Heart Rate changes are directly proportional to which physiological measurement.

A

Body Temperature

41
Q

What do ION concentrations influence?

A

They change action potentials, thus producing changes in myocardial contractility.

42
Q

What is Hyperkalemia [K] ?

A

Can affect heart rhythm & suppress heart activity.

43
Q

What is Hypokalemia [K] ?

A

Premature ventricular & atrial contractions, tachyarrhythmias, and atrioventricular block.

44
Q

What is Hypercalcemia [Ca2+] ?

A

Palpitations, cardiac arrhythmias.

45
Q

What is Hypocalcemia [Ca2+] ?

A

Can lead to a slow heart beat.

46
Q

What is Systole and what # should it be?

A

Ventricular Contraction / Normal ESV = 50mL

47
Q

What is Diastole and what # should it be?

A

Ventricular relaxation & filling of blood / Normal EDV = 120 mL.

48
Q

For S1 to indicate normal closure of mitral & tricuspid valves, a _____ sound should be heard.

A

“LUB” (ventricular systole)

49
Q

For S2 to indicate normal closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves, a _____ sound should be heard.

A

“DUB” (ventricular diastole)

50
Q

In healthy people, the cusps / leaflets of the heart valves should be ______ when closed, to prevent ______ ?

A

Valves should overlap each other to prevent backflow or regurgitation.

51
Q

Describe the sequence of the valves of a heart beat.

A

Aortic Pressure > (Semilunar Valves Open | Aortic Valve Close) “LUB”
Ventricular Pressure > (Semilunar Valves Close | AV Open) “DUB”

52
Q

What are 2 major types of valvular disease?

A

Regurgitant (back flow) & Stenosis (narrowing)

53
Q

Where are valvular diseases most prone to on the heart?

A

LEFT side due to higher pressures.

54
Q

What is a heart murmer?

A

An extra or unusual sound heard during a heart beat.

55
Q

Which is longer: (S1 to S2), or (S2 to S1)?

A

Time duration between S1 & S2 is half as long between S2 & the next S1.

56
Q

If there is an S3 present, is that normal or abnormal? What does it indicate?

A

S3 = “lub-dub-ta” - It is a ventricular gallup indicating heart failure or an enlarged heart.

57
Q

If there is an S4 present, is that normal? What does it indicate?

A

S4 = “ba-DUM” bump - It is an atrial gallup indicating stiff ventricle (poor elasticity of the chamber - can’t fully extend)

58
Q

Which artery or circulation pathway supplies the heart with O2?

A

Coronary Artery or Coronary Circulation.

59
Q

What does it mean to be Ischemic?

A

Not enough (oxygenated) blood flow is reaching it’s target.

60
Q

What is Partial Ischemia?

A

Angina (chest pain) caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.

61
Q

What is Total Ischemia?

A

Myocardial Infarction (heart attack) blood flow STOPS to part of the heart.

62
Q

What supplies blood supply to the LV & LA, specifically the lateral walls?

A

Left Main Coronary Artery

63
Q

What supplies blood supply to the L & R Ventricles?

A

Left Anterior Descending Artery

64
Q

What does the right main coronary artery (RCA) supply blood to?

A

RA, RV, LV, AV node, Bundle of His

65
Q

What is myocardial O2 Demand?

A

The energy cost to the myocardium. Heart needs ATP for contractions every second. (RPP = HR x SBP)

66
Q

When does ischemic heart disease occur & from which artery deficit?

A

When the coronary artery can’t meet O2 demand.

67
Q

What structures make up the upper airways?

A

Nose or Mouth, Pharynx, Larynx.

68
Q

What structures make up the lower airways?

A

Trachea, Bronchioles, Alveolar (ducts, sacs, alveoli)

69
Q

How many lobes & segments of the R lung?

A

3 lobes, 10 segments

70
Q

How many lobes & segments of the L lung?

A

2 lobes, 8 segments.

71
Q

Describe abnormal lung sounds.

A

Crackle, wheeze, rhonchus, or a pleural friction rub.

72
Q

Describe normal lung sounds.

A

harsh & hollow sounds.

DPT830 (Exam 1) (7 decks)

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