Diabetes

Question 1

What is Diabetes Mellitus (DM)?

Answer 1

Metabolic disease(s) characterized by elevated blood glucose as a result of insulin deficits.

Question 2

How many forms of diabetes mellitus are there & what are they?

Answer 2

4 (Type 1, Type 2, LADA, Gestational)

Question 3

What is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 3

Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing B cells (near absolute insulin deficient).

Question 4

What is one of the main physiological adaptations to Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 4

High tendency for ketoacidosis. (Liver produces Fat into ketones at a fast rate > causes blood to become acidic)

Question 5

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 5

Insulin secretory defect (Insulin resistant at skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver)

Question 6

What is type 2 diabetes largely associated with?

Answer 6

Excess bodyfat with central adiposity.

Question 7

What is a symptom of Prediabetes?

Answer 7

Elevated blood glucose (BG) in response to dietary CHO. (BG is high but not high enough to type 2 diabetes)

Question 8

What is the most common mortality associated with type 2 diabetes?

Answer 8

Macrovascular complications (65% die of CVD)

Question 9

How is diabetes diagnosed?

Answer 9

HbA1c test: what % of your hemoglobin (RBC O2 carrying protein) is coated with sugar (glycolated).

Question 10

What is a normal HbA1C % and what is considered diabetic?

Answer 10

Normal: < 5.6% / Diabetes Mellitus: > 6.5%

Question 11

What forms of diabetes have rapid onsets?

Answer 11

Type 1 & LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults)

Question 12

Which type of diabetes is most common and highly dependent on family history?

Answer 12

Type 2

Question 13

The longer a patient has a duration of type 2 diabetes, what is most likely to accompany it?

Answer 13

Cardiovascular Disease.

Question 14

What is the primary prevention technique of CVD in diabetes patients?

Answer 14

Lifestyle Management: Increase Physical Activity

Question 15

What is Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy?

Answer 15

Diabetes related metabolic or vascular conditions causing capillary damage.

Question 16

What is the ultimate end result of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy?

Answer 16

Loss of sensation and circulation and the foot.

Question 17

What is Gestational Diabetes (GDM)?

Answer 17

Diabetes that develop in women while they’re pregnant. (2 to 10% of women will develop)

Question 18

What is the incidence rate of women developing type 2 diabetes after developing gestational diabetes?

Answer 18

5-10% immediately after pregnancy & 35-60% within 10-20 years.

Question 19

What is the primary form of treatment for diabetes?

Answer 19

Physical Exercise: exercise can independently increase glucose uptake in the muscle (no insulin needed).

Question 20

What is the FIIT prescription for diabetes patients aerobic activity?

Answer 20

3-7 Days / week, Moderate to Vigorous Intensity, 150 minutes per week.

Question 21

What is the FIIT prescription for diabetes patients Resistance activity?

Answer 21

Minimum of 2 days / week (preferably 3) @ moderate to vigorous intensity. (8-10 exercises)

Question 22

What is the FIIT prescription for diabetes patients flexibility activity?

Answer 22

2-3 days / week, stretching to the point of tightness or slight discomfort (10-30 sec ea.)

Question 23

What are some resistance training outcomes in diabetes patients regarding HbA1C measurements?

Answer 23

1 full % reduction in HBA1C.

Question 24

When should someone with diabetes mellitus monitor their blood sugar around exercise?

Answer 24

Before & After each session.

Question 25

Pre-Exercise, what is an acceptable & optimal blood glucose level?

Answer 25

100-250 mg/dl

Question 26

Pre-Exercise, what is a blood glucose level where you should exercise caution?

Answer 26

> 250 mg/dl

Question 27

When does Delayed Onset Hypoglycemia usually appear?

Answer 27

Generally after higher intensity and/or longer duration exercise & up to 24 hours afterwards (generally 6-12 hours).

Question 28

How many grams of CHO should be compensated for activity to keep blood sugar levels within range during exercise?

Answer 28

15g of CHO every 15 minutes until euglycemic.