Diabetes Flashcards
What is Diabetes Mellitus (DM)?
Metabolic disease(s) characterized by elevated blood glucose as a result of insulin deficits.
How many forms of diabetes mellitus are there & what are they?
4 (Type 1, Type 2, LADA, Gestational)
What is type 1 diabetes?
Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing B cells (near absolute insulin deficient).
What is one of the main physiological adaptations to Type 1 diabetes?
High tendency for ketoacidosis. (Liver produces Fat into ketones at a fast rate > causes blood to become acidic)
What is type 2 diabetes?
Insulin secretory defect (Insulin resistant at skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver)
What is type 2 diabetes largely associated with?
Excess bodyfat with central adiposity.
What is a symptom of Prediabetes?
Elevated blood glucose (BG) in response to dietary CHO. (BG is high but not high enough to type 2 diabetes)
What is the most common mortality associated with type 2 diabetes?
Macrovascular complications (65% die of CVD)
How is diabetes diagnosed?
HbA1c test: what % of your hemoglobin (RBC O2 carrying protein) is coated with sugar (glycolated).
What is a normal HbA1C % and what is considered diabetic?
Normal: < 5.6% / Diabetes Mellitus: > 6.5%
What forms of diabetes have rapid onsets?
Type 1 & LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults)
Which type of diabetes is most common and highly dependent on family history?
Type 2
The longer a patient has a duration of type 2 diabetes, what is most likely to accompany it?
Cardiovascular Disease.
What is the primary prevention technique of CVD in diabetes patients?
Lifestyle Management: Increase Physical Activity
What is Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy?
Diabetes related metabolic or vascular conditions causing capillary damage.
What is the ultimate end result of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy?
Loss of sensation and circulation and the foot.
What is Gestational Diabetes (GDM)?
Diabetes that develop in women while they’re pregnant. (2 to 10% of women will develop)
What is the incidence rate of women developing type 2 diabetes after developing gestational diabetes?
5-10% immediately after pregnancy & 35-60% within 10-20 years.
What is the primary form of treatment for diabetes?
Physical Exercise: exercise can independently increase glucose uptake in the muscle (no insulin needed).
What is the FIIT prescription for diabetes patients aerobic activity?
3-7 Days / week, Moderate to Vigorous Intensity, 150 minutes per week.
What is the FIIT prescription for diabetes patients Resistance activity?
Minimum of 2 days / week (preferably 3) @ moderate to vigorous intensity. (8-10 exercises)
What is the FIIT prescription for diabetes patients flexibility activity?
2-3 days / week, stretching to the point of tightness or slight discomfort (10-30 sec ea.)
What are some resistance training outcomes in diabetes patients regarding HbA1C measurements?
1 full % reduction in HBA1C.
When should someone with diabetes mellitus monitor their blood sugar around exercise?
Before & After each session.
Pre-Exercise, what is an acceptable & optimal blood glucose level?
100-250 mg/dl
Pre-Exercise, what is a blood glucose level where you should exercise caution?
> 250 mg/dl
When does Delayed Onset Hypoglycemia usually appear?
Generally after higher intensity and/or longer duration exercise & up to 24 hours afterwards (generally 6-12 hours).
How many grams of CHO should be compensated for activity to keep blood sugar levels within range during exercise?
15g of CHO every 15 minutes until euglycemic.
