Physiology Exam 2 Flashcards
What kind of bone is primary bone
Woven, immature, usually seen in fetal development
What kind of bone is secondary bone
Mature, compact, spongy, subchondral
What kinds of bone are abnormal bone
Accessory bone and heterotopic bone
What are osteons
“Cylinders” of bone tissue made up of layers of bone tissue called lamella(e)
What are lamella(e)
Layers of bone tissue that surround osteons
What are osteonic canals
hollow spaces in the center of osteons that house blood vessels
Where are osteocytes located
In the lacuna(e)
What are canaliculi
They house processes that allow osteocytes to communicate with other osteocytes
What structures connect osteonic canals
Perforating canals
What are circumfrential lamellae
They are found externally surrounding the outside of osteons and internally inside the osteons
What are trabeculae
Bony struts
Spongy bone is aka
Trabecular bone, no central canal but contain osteosytes
What surrounds/covers trabecular bone
Endosteum
What does the endosteum contain/made up of
osteoprogenitor cells an dosteoblasts
What is subchondral bone
At the joint, the epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage; below that covering is a zone similar to the epiphyseal plate, known as subchondral bone
What kind of bone makes up facet surfaces
Subchondral bone
What is accessory bone
Bone spur, bone that is not supposed to be there, but it is still normal tissue
What is heterotopic bone
(kidney and gallstones) surrounded by soft tissue immature looking. Bone forming in m.
What is the diaphysis
Primary ossification center. main portion of bone
What is the epiphysis
Secondary ossification center typically on the ends
What is the epiphyseal plate made of
Hyaline cartilage
What is the periosteum and what is it made up of
An outer fibrous layer covering the bone and inner cellular layer (osteoprogenitor and osteoblasts)
What is the Medullary cavity
Hollow cavity at the center of a long bone. in kids red bone marrow adults replace it with yellow adipose tissue
What is Articular cartilage
Hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bone
What is Wolff’s Law
Bone/Tissue will respond to the forces placed on it
What is intramembranous bone growth, and what is it aka
Membrane-like layers get replaced with bone tissue as it matures. AKA dermal bone growth
Where does intramembranous (dermal) bone growth take place
At the top of the skull and clavical
What is endochondral bone growth, and what is it aka
It gives rise to bones that have to resist gravity. AKA cartilaginous bone growth
What bones go through endochondral (cartilaginous) bone growth
Bones at the base of the skull and ALL of the post cranial skeleton (including clavical)
What is the medullary cavity
Opening in the center of long bones
What are the steps of endochondral bone growth
Hyaline cartilage “model” > Spongy bone in center > osteoprogenitors > osteoblasts > compact bone forms around spongy bone (diaphysis) > blood vessels invade epiphysis to being developing spongy bones (bone replaces cartilage)
What is interstitial growth, and how does it work
It takes place in the epiphyseal plate, and new bone is laid on the diaphysis side while hyaline cartilage remains on the epiphyseal side
What is appositional growth, and how does it work
New compact bone is deposited by osteoblasts just below the periosteum, and in long bones makes a medullary cavity. Leads to an overall increase in size
What is responsible for making the medullary cavity
Osteoclasts
What job can osteoclasts perform in long bones.
They are able to break down inner layers of compact bone in order to make more spongy bone so the bones are not too heavy`
Why is Vitamin C needed
It is needed for proper collagen formation, and a deficit can lead to scurvy.
What can scurvy do
It can thin bone tissue and increase the risk of a fx
Why is Vitamin D needed
It is needed for proper bone mineralization.
What can a Vitamin D deficit lead to
Rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults
How can we obtain Vitamin D
We can synthesize it via our skin and/or get it in our diet
What are the functions of the skeletal system
Structure, support, protection, locomotion/movement, Hematopoesis, inorganic mineral storage (Ca++), and indicator of sex/age/height etc.
How are bones classified
Either by shape or location
Characteristics of Long bones
Longer than wide, cylindrical with medullary cavity
Characteristics of short bones
Roughly cuboidal (carpals and tarsals). found where mobility is needed, but space is limited
Characteristics of Flat bones
Relatively thin. Provide broad surfaces for m. attachment and/or protection of underlying organs. (Frontal, parietal, innominate, ribs, scap)
Characteristics of Irregular bones
Irregular shape with numerous projections
Characteristics of pneumatic bones
Contain sizable air spaces to reduce the weight of the skull reducing the need for large neck m.
What kind of bones are the main site of blood cell formation in adults
Flat bones
What bones are pneumatic bones
Frontal, Maxilla, sphenoid, ethmoid, temporal
Characteristics of sesamoid bones
Small round bones embedded w/in a tendon. Alter the angle of m. attachment to increase mechanical leverage
What makes up the Axial skeleton
Bones of the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, and rib cage
What makes up the appendicular skeleton
Bone of the limbs and their attachment onto the axial skeleton. (Pectoral and pelvic girdles (excluding sacrum))
What makes up the Cranial skeleton
Bones of the skull
What makes up the post-cranial skeleton
Any bones that are below the skull
What kind of fibers make up the bone tissue matrix
Type 1 collagen fibers which provide strength to resist tensile forces
What makes up the organic component of the ground substance
Proteoglycans (chondroitan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid) and glycoproteins (osteonectin and osteocalcin)
What makes up the inorganic component of the ground substance
Hydroxyapatite and a mineral composite which provides strength to resist compressive forces
Function and location of osteoprogenitor cells
Give rise to osteoblasts and located in the central and perforating canals of osteons as well as w/in the periosteum and endosteum
Function and location of osteoblasts
Lay down new bone tissue and located in the central and perforating canals of osteons as well as w/in the periosteum and endosteum
Function and location of osteocytes
Former osteoblasts located within the lacunae of osteons of compact bone and the bony struts of spongy bone. They maintain surrounding bone tissue and regulate mineral content
Function and location of osteoclasts
Bone destroying cells. Cells are large and multinucleated originating from the fusion of several monocytes
What is the interstitial lamellae
Layers of mineralized matrix, lying between and around osteons; the remains of partially destroyed osteons
Where is the site of blood cell manufacturing
The interior of spongy bone
What are the characteristics of subchondral bone
Very thin layer of modified compact bone, but lacks extensive vascular channels. It is found underlying articular cartilage and makes up the articular surface
Where does periosteum NOT cover the surface of bone
Articular surfaces and where tendons and ligaments attach
What makes up the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum
Sheet of dense irregular connective tissue containing Type 1 collagen, fibroblasts, blood vessels, and n. fibers
What makes up the inner cellular layer of the periosteum
Thin layer of osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts
What makes up the endosteum
Thin layer of connective tissue covering the inner bone surfaces consisting of a single layer of osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts
What is Wolff’s Law
A bone remodels its shape according to the way force is transmitted through it
What kind of cells do osteoprogenitor cells come from
Mesenchymal cells
Secondary centers of ossification are aka
Epiphyses
What is the zone of cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification centers and a site of active growth called
The epiphyseal plate
When does bone growth stop
When the epiphyseal plate ossifies
What is the active form of Vitamin D
1, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
How does vitamin D facilitate proper bone mineralization
It increases the absorption of Ca in the SI and reabsorption of Ca in the kidneys
What increase the amount of CA in the blood by indirectly stimulating osteoclast activity
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
How does PTH increase the amount of Ca in the blood
PTH binds to receptors on osteoblasts releasing osteoprotegrin ligand (OPGL). OPGL activates receptors on preosteoclasts which causes them to mature into osteoclasts, allowing them to start breaking down bone tissue
What can happen if there is too much PTH
There can be bone thinning
What can and excess of Pituitary growth hormone lead to
In children, gigantism and in adults, acromegaly
What can a deficiency of pituitary growth hormone lead to
Dwarfism
What is the healing process of a fracture
Fx hematoma formed from ruptured blood vessels, soft callus of spongy bone and fibrocartilage, hard callus forms by mineralization and remodeling of soft callus, and then remodeling of hard callus to mature (compact & spongy bone)
What is the inflammation of bone tissue caused by inj. or infection
Osteitis
What is the inflammation of periosteum caused by trauma or infection
Periostitis
What is the inflammation of bone interior caused by bacteria, usually initially entering the bone via wound or bloodstream
Osteomyelitis
What is Pott’s disease
Tuberculosis of the vertebral bodies which can lead to bone and joint destruction
What neoplasms are benign
Osteochondromas and Osteomas
What neoplasms are Malignant
Osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma) and Multiple myeloma
What is osteoporosis
A significant reduction in bone density, most prevalent in middle-aged and elderly women
Degree of movement in a synarthotic joint
Immovable
Degree of movement in an amphiarthotic joint
Slightly movable
Degree of movement in a Diarthotic joint
Freely movable
What is arthrology
The study of joints
What are fibrous joints
joints where the bones fastened together by thin layers of fibrous/dense connective tissue
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints
Sydesmosis, Suture, and Gomphosis
What is a syndesmosis joint and what degree of movement does it have
Bones are joined by a fibrous band which forms an interosseous ligament. Amphiarthrosis
What is a suture joint and what degree of movement does it have
Only between bones of the skull and they are joined by a very short fibrous “sutural ligament”.
Synarthrosis
What is a gomphosis joint and what degree of movement does it have
Btwn. tooth root and alveolus (bony socket) very short fibrous periodontal ligament.
Synarthrosis
What are cartilaginous joints
Joints where the connection consists of hyaline cartilage and/or fibrocartilage
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints
Synchondrosis and Symphysis
What is a synchondrosis joint and what degree of movement does it have
Bones united by a plate of hyaline cartilage. Synarthrotic
What is a symphysis joint and what degree of movement does it have
Articular surfaces covered by thin layer of hyaline cartilage which in turn is attached to a pad of fibrocartilage. Amphiarthrosis
What is a synovial joint and what degree of movement do they have
Joint in which the space between articulating bones is filled with synovial fluid. Diarthrosis
What are the articular surfaces covered with in a synovial joint
Hyaline cartilage (the articular cartilage)
What is the articular capsule
It encapsulates the synovial joint
What is the fibrous layer/membrane (capsular ligament) of a synovial joint made of
Thick fibrous outer layer continuous with periosteum of bones
What is the synovial membrane of a synovial joint
Thin inner membrane covering all non-cartilaginous surfaces
The fibrous layer next to the fibrous membrane is made up of what
Collagen fibers and fibroblasts
The cellular layer next to the synovial cavity is made up of what
Synoviocytes, blood vessels, and a scattering of collagen fibers
Function and location of macrophage-like cells
Immediately next to the synovial cavity and they are phagocytic
Function and location of fibroblast-like cells
Next to fibrous layer of synovial membrane and they produce hyaluronic acid a component of synovial fluid
What is the synovial cavity
The interior of the joint and it is filled with synovial fluid
What is synovial fluid
Viscous, gel-like fluid composed of hyaluronic acid and blood plasma
What are the functions of synovial fluid
Lubrication, cushioning/protection, and nourishment for articular cartilage
What is an articular disc/meniscus
Fibrocartilage pad located between articular surfaces
What is a bursa
Closed synovial fluid-filled sac
What is a spheroidal joint
Ball and socket. Multiaxial
What is an ellipsoidal joint
Condyloid (convex oval shaped surface articulates with concave elliptical surface). Biaxial
What is a sellar joint
Saddle. Biaxial
What is an arthrodial joint
Gliding (articulating surfaces are nearly flat). Nonaxial
What is a ginglymoidal joint
Hinge (convex cylindrical surface articulates with concave cylindrical of another). Uniaxial
What is a trochoidal joint
Pivot (cylindrical pin of one bone rotates w/in ring formed of bone and ligament). Uniaxial
What movements occur in the saggital plane
Flex, ext, hyperext., Dorsi and plantar flexion
What movements occur in the coronal plane
Abd. and Add
What is rotation
Movement of body part around its own long axis
What is circumduction
Movement in which the distal end moves in a circle while the proximal end remains relatively fixed
What is a subluxation
Partial displacement of a bone within a joint
What is a luxation
Total displacement of a bone within a joint
What may happen in children and in elderly instead of dislocations
Children may rupture an epiphyseal plate and elderly may fx the bone
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Autoimmune disease involving synovial joints causing inflam of the synovial membrane resulting in abnormal secretions and eventual joint fusion. typically bilat. affecting the small joints of the hands and feet. Genetic in nature (middle aged)
What is Osteoarthritis (OA)
Progressive degeneration of synovial joints through wear and tear. Primarily large weight bearing joints, high use, or previously inj. Relatively late age onset. Often associated with development of accessory bone at periphery of joint surfaces
What is gout a form of
Arthritis
