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Anatomy > Gross Exam 2 > Flashcards

Gross Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What m. is involved in a whiplash injury

A

Upper portion of the trapezius

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2
Q

What is the lumbar triangle

A

A depression found at the lower portion of the latissimus dorsi, and its borders are made up of the latissimus dorsi, crest of the ilium, and the external oblique.

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3
Q

What is the clinical significance of the lumbar triangle

A

A posterior hernia can develop here

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4
Q

What is the triangle of auscultation

A

A depression at the sup. border of the lats and medial to inf. angle of the scapula. Its borders are the latissimus dorsi, trapezius, and the vertebral border of the scapula

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5
Q

What is the clinical significance of the triangle of ascultation

A

The relatively thing layer of tissue allows lung sounds to be heard easier here. It can be enlarged by having the patient protract their scapula

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6
Q

What is winged scapula

A

Weakened serratus anterior m. due to long thoracic n. damage.

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7
Q

What m. make up the rotator cuff

A

The Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor

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8
Q

What are the 2 criteria that make a m. a rotator cuff m.

A

The tendon of insertion mus contribute to forming a cuff, and they must help with either int. or ext. rot.

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9
Q

What is crutch paralysis

A

aka atrophy of the deltoid due to an inj. to the axillary n. causes include fx of surgical neck of humerus, dislocation of the shoulder, or pressure of crutch in axilla

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10
Q

What are symptoms of crutch paralysis

A

Loss of sensation may occur over the lat. aspect of the arm. Abd. greatly impaired

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11
Q

What separates the supraspinatus from the acromion process

A

The Subacromial and subdeltoid bursa

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12
Q

What is rotator cuff tendonitis

A

aka Shoulder impingement. irritation and inflamm of supraspinatus tendon with sharp or aching pain

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13
Q

Mechanisms for shoulder impingement syndrome

A

Genetic (born with hooked acromion process), Weakness around rotator cuff, excess & repetitive stress, trauma, or calcium deposits

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14
Q

Rotator cuff tears

A

Previous inj, usually near its insertion, complete tears come from a single traumatic inj, and the drop test is performed to test for a tear

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15
Q

Subacromial and Subdeltoid bursitis

A

May be more common than tendonitis, but difficult to distinguish from each other

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16
Q

The infraspinatus is sometimes fused with what other m.

A

The teres minor

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17
Q

What is the quadrilateral space

A

More lateral than the triangular space, and it contains the axillary n and humeral circumflex blood vessels

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18
Q

What is the triangular space

A

More medial that the quadrilateral space, and it contains the circumflex scapular branch of the subscapular artery

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19
Q

How are ligaments classified

A

Either extrinsic (extracapsular) or intrinsic (intracapsular), and they act as either a rope or a wall

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20
Q

What joint does the upper limb articulate with the axial skeleton through

A

The Sternoclavicular joint, and it is the most stable of the upper extremity

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21
Q

Because the SC joint’s articulating surfaces do not fit well together, what is found in the joint to overcome this

A

The articular disc

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22
Q

What are the functions of the articular disc

A

Prevent the clavicle from being displaced at its articulation, and act as a shock absorber for forces being transmitted along the clavicle

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23
Q

The SC joint is classified as what kind of joint

A

Plane gliding joint

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24
Q

What ligament surrounds the SC joint

A

The capsular ligament

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25
Q

What ligaments are associated with the SC joint

A

The Ant. and Post. SC, Interclavicular, and the Costoclavicular ligaments

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26
Q

Dislocation of the SC joint

A

Rarely dislocated because of the strength of the ligaments, but when they do occur, it is usually from direct trauma ex. hitting your chest on the steering wheel during a car accident. Can be life threatening because of compression of the trachea or blood vessels

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27
Q

Where is the AC joint located

A

Articulations of the Acromion process and the lateral (acromion) end of the clavicle

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28
Q

What kind of joint is the AC joint

A

It is a plane gliding joint

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29
Q

What is the weak ligament associated with the AC joint

A

The capsular ligament

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30
Q

What is the n. supply of the AC joint

A

Dorsal scapular, suprascapular, and axillary n.

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31
Q

What are the ligaments of the AC joint

A

Sup. and Inf. AC ligament, and the Coracoclavicular ligament

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32
Q

The Sup and Inf AC ligaments support the AC joint how

A

They are extrinsic and act like ropes to keep the them in contact

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33
Q

What are the two portions of the coracoclavicular ligament, and what are their functions

A

The conoid and trapezoid which are responsible for holding and suspending the weight of the scapula from the clavicle extrinsicly acting like ropes

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34
Q

What is a shoulder pointer

A

Severe blow to the shoulder can lead to bruising

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35
Q

A dislocation of the AC joint is aka…

A

A shoulder separation

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36
Q

What structure can sometimes be compromised, and is indicated by a diminished brachial and radial pulse

A

The subclavian artery

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37
Q

What are the articulations of the GH (shoulder) joint

A

The head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula

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38
Q

To make the GH joint more stable, what is located in the glenoid fossa

A

The Glenoid labrum

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39
Q

What type of joint is the GH joint

A

A ball and socket

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40
Q

What is the n. supply to the GH joint

A

Axillary and Suprascapular

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41
Q

There is a hole in the capsular ligament for what purpose

A

To allow the long head of the biceps brachii to pass out of the joint cavity

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42
Q

What n. roots when compromised allow for easy disarticulation from the scapula

A

C5 and C6

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43
Q

What is unique about the capsular ligament

A

It surrounds the joint, thin and lax, and it allows a lot of freedom of movement

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44
Q

What does the GH ligament do

A

It strengthens the anterior aspect of the capsule and prevents ext. rot. of the humerus at the shoulder joint. intrinsic acts like a rope

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45
Q

What does the Transverse Humeral ligament do

A

Span the intertubercular groove, converting it into a canal, and helps keep the long head of the biceps in place

46
Q

What does the Coracohumeral ligament do

A

Strengthen the capsule from above, limit ext. rot, and extrinsic acts like a rope

47
Q

What does the Coracoacromial ligament do

A

Attaches to the coracoid and acromion processes, prevents upward displacement of the head of the humerus, and extrinsic acts like a wall

48
Q

What does the Suprascapular ligament do

A

Small ligament which spans the scapular notch

49
Q

What structures are the most important in preventing GH dislocations

A

The muscles

50
Q

What kind of GH dislocation is the most common and take place at the inf. capsular ligament

A

Ant. dislocations

51
Q

An Ant. dislocation at the GH joint is also called

A

A subcoracoid dislocation

52
Q

Patients c/o numbness or other loss of sensation, may have sustained an inj. to what nerves as well in a GH dislocation

A

Musculocutaneous and axillary n.

53
Q

Why is the biceps brachii known as a 3 joint m.

A

It can cause movements at the elbow, shoulder, and proximal radio-ulnar joints`

54
Q

What is popeye deformity

A

When the long head of the biceps is torn or ruptured near its attachment on the supraglenoid tubercle and the belly forms a ball near the center of the ant. aspect of the arm

55
Q

What is the segmental innervation that the bicipital tendon reflex tests

A

C5 and C6

56
Q

What structure is always found passing through the coracobrachialis

A

The Musculocutaneous n.

57
Q

How else can ext. be produced at the elbow joint if the triceps is atrophied

A

Gravity can extend the arm

58
Q

What is the segmental innervation of the tricpes that is tested in reflex testing

A

C7 and C8

59
Q

What m. can sometimes be found partially blended with the triceps

A

The anconeus

60
Q

What structure is the continuation of the axillary artery, and at the cubital fossa branches into 2 terminal branches

A

The brachial artery

61
Q

What 2 arteries does the brachial artery branch into at the cubital fossa

A

The unlar and radial arteries

62
Q

What anatomical location is the brachial pulse taken at

A

The bicipital furrow

63
Q

Where does the brachial profundus run

A

It begins just distal to the teres major and follows the radial n. to supply the posterior aspect of the arm

64
Q

Why is the brachial artery used to take a blood pressure

A

It is approx. at the level of the heart and the m. mass of the arm can effectively trasmit the pressure of the cuff to the blood vessels

65
Q

What is the prominent venous arch on the dorsum of the hand

A

The dorsal venous arch

66
Q

What 2 branches make up the dorsal venous arch

A

The lateral Cephalic vein and the medial basilic vein

67
Q

Where are most blood samples taken from

A

The Median cubital vein

68
Q

If there is a loss of sensation along the lat. aspect of the forearm, what n. is involved

A

The lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve

69
Q

What are the borders of the cubital fossa

A

Lat: Brachioradialis Med. Pronator teres & Sup: levels of the epicondyles of the humerus

70
Q

What structures are found in the cubital fossa

A

Median n, Brachial artery, tendon of the biceps, & Median cubital vein

71
Q

What makes up the elbow complex and what kind of joint is it

A

The elbow joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint, and it is a hinge/ginglymus joint

72
Q

What is the n. supply to the elbow joint

A

Musculocutaneous, radial, median, and ulnar

73
Q

What are the ligaments of the elbow joint

A

Capsular, RCL, UCL, and annular ligaments

74
Q

What kind of dislocation is most common at the elbow joint

A

Posterior dislocation

75
Q

What may accompany dislocations at the elbow joint

A

Fx, Torn ligaments, or inj. to the ulnar n.

76
Q

What can happen to the ulnar n. following an elbow dislocation

A

It can be stretched, lacerated, entrapted in scar tissue, or entrapted in new bone formation.

77
Q

Who has a larger carrying angle, males or females

A

Females

78
Q

An inc in the carrying angle larger than normal is aka

A

Cubitus valgus

79
Q

Where is the bursa in the elbow located

A

The olecranon bursa is located between the olecranon process and the skin

80
Q

What kind of joint is the superior radio-ulnar joint

A

A pivot/trochoid joint

81
Q

The interosseous membrane and oblique cord do what

A

Limit supination beyond anatomical position

82
Q

What is nursmaid’s elbow

A

A subluxatoin of the head of the radius`

83
Q

What is found at the distal end of the ulna between the ulna and carpal bones

A

The articular disc of the wrist

84
Q

Which forearm bone is the stabalizing bone

A

The ulna

85
Q

The radius and ulna have 3 ossification centers, where are they

A

Primary in the shaft, and one at each end (distal and proximal)

86
Q

What is a Colles fx

A

Fx to the distal end of the radius common in adults from falling on an outstretched hand. The fx happens posteriorly giving it the dinner fork deformity

87
Q

What is a Smith’s fx

A

Distal end of the radius. from falling on the back of the hand and is sometimes called a reverse colles because of the ant. displacement

88
Q

What is the function of the sesamoid bones of digit 1,2,5

A

Protect and stabilize tendons and change the angle of the tendons as they pass to their insertion

89
Q

What is the most commonly fx carpal bone

A

The scaphoid

90
Q

What structure can be compromised with hamate fx

A

The ulnar nerve

91
Q

What is a Boxer’s fx

A

Fx to the 5th metacarpal

92
Q

Median n. entrapment can happen at the sup or inf. radio-ulnar joint what are they called

A

Pronator teres syndrome (sup) and Carpal tunnel syndrome (inf)

93
Q

What is ape hand

A

When median n. damage causes the thenar m. to atrophy

94
Q

What is the motor test for median n. damge

A

The pt. makes a circle with thumb and 2nd digit and you try to pull them apart

95
Q

What is the sensory test for median n. damage

A

Test cutaneous sensation of the tip of the second digit

96
Q

Where is the most common area for ulnar n. compression

A

At the distal elbow joint

97
Q

What is claw hand

A

Ulnar n. damage making it difficult to form a fist because they cannot fully flex digits four and five

98
Q

What is Guyon tunnel sydrome

A

Compromise or damage to the ulnar n. where it passes between the pisiform and hook of the hamate

99
Q

What is cyclists or handlebar neuropathy

A

Indivs who develop guyon tunnel sydrome from their hands being in hyperextened position against the grips

100
Q

What is Dequervain’s (aka Tenosynovitis)

A

Inflammation of the tendons of the abd. pollicis longus and the extensor pollicis brevis within their common fibrous sheath

101
Q

What is the clinical sign for damage to the radial n.

A

Wrist drop (passive flexion of the wrist)

102
Q

Which branch of the radial artery runs proximally to the brachial profundus

A

The recurrent branch

103
Q

What are the branches of the hand the radial artery makes

A

Superficial and deep palmar arches

104
Q

What makes up the radiocarpal joint and what kind of joint is it

A

It is made up of the distal end of the radius, articular disc, scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones. it is a condyloid joint

105
Q

T/F: medial and lateral rotation occur at the wrist joint

A

False

106
Q

What is our chief tactile organ

A

Our hands

107
Q

What structures are not contained by the flexor retinaculum

A

The tendon of the palmaris longus and the cutaneous branches of the ulnar n.

108
Q

T/F: Supination is more important than pronation

A

True

109
Q

What is Tinel’s sign

A

Pins and needles sensation when taped over the median n.

110
Q

What is brachiation

A

Locomotion using the arms

111
Q

What is Dupuytren’s contracture

A

Tightening of the palmar facia usually at digits 4 & 5

112
Q

Skier’s (Gamekeeper’s) Thumb

A

Rupture or laxity of the collateral ligaments of the joint typically from hyperabd. of the MP joint of digit 1

Anatomy (6 decks)

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