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MODULE 12 - Integrated Body Systems > PHYSIOLOGY - Endocrine System > Flashcards

PHYSIOLOGY - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four histological features of endocrine tissue?

A

Islands of secretory cells
Prominent nuclei
Abundant cytoplasm
Supporting tissue rich in blood and lymphatic capillaries

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2
Q

What are the three categories of endocrine organs?

A

Primary endocrine organs
Combined function endocrine organs
Secondary endocrine organs

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3
Q

What are the five primary endocrine organs?

A

Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal gland

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4
Q

What are the four combined function endocrine organs?

A

Pancreas
Placenta
Ovaries
Testes

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5
Q

What are the six secondary endocrine organs/tissues?

A

Thymus
Heart
Liver
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Kidneys
Adipose tissue

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6
Q

What are the four hormone classifications?

A

Protein hormones
Peptide hormones
Amine hormones
Steroid hormones

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7
Q

What are the three methods of hormone regulation?

A

Hormonal control
Neural control
Humoral control

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8
Q

Which two factors influence the effectiveness of hormones?

A

Binding proteins
Number of hormone receptors

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9
Q

How do binding proteins affect the effectiveness of hormones?

A

Binding proteins exert a buffering action through binding to hormones in the bloodstream, reducing the action of hormones as only ‘free’ hormones can have an action

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10
Q

Which nine hormones regulate metabolism, appetite and satiety?

A

Insulin
Cortisol
Growth hormone
Leptin
Ghrelin
Peptide YY (PYY)
Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1)
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Oxyntomodulin

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11
Q

How does growth hormone influence metabolism?

A

Increases protein synthesis
Increases metabolism of fatty acids
Decreases rate of glucose utilisation

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12
Q

Which region of the hypothalamus acts as the appetite centre of the brain?

A

Lateral hypothalamic area (LHA)

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13
Q

Which region of the hypothalamus acts as the satiety centre of the brain?

A

Paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

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14
Q

Describe how the brain regulates energy balance

A

The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) promotes food intake and appetite and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) promotes satiety through integrating signals from hormones which coordinate the body’s response to energy needs

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15
Q

How does the site and smell of food affect appetite and satiety?

A

The site and smell of food promotes activity in the lateral hypothalamic nucleus (LHA) which promotes food intake and appetite, and inhibits activity in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to supress satiety

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16
Q

How does increased glucose levels in the duodenum and hepatic portal vein affect appetite and satiety?

A

Increased glucose levels in the duodenum and hepatic portal vein inhibits the activity in the lateral hypothalamic nucleus (LHA) to supress food intake and appetite, and promotes activity in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to promote satiety

17
Q

How does increased blood glucose affect appetite and satiety?

A

When blood glucose levels increase, insulin levels increase. Insulin inhibits the neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y. Neuropeptide Y would usually promote activity in the lateral hypothalamic nucleus (LHA) and inhibit activity in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), however, because this activity is inhibited, the lateral hypothalamic nucleus is inhibited and the paraventricular nucleus is promoted, supressing appetite and promoting satiety

18
Q

How does increased blood cortisol affect appetite and satiety?

A

Cortisol inhibits the neurotransmitter corticotrophin releasing factor which would normally inhibit activity in the lateral hypothalamic nucleus (LHA) and promote activity in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), however, because this activity is inhibited, the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) is promoted and the paraventricular nucleus is inhibited, promoting appetite and suppress satiety

19
Q

Which tissue produces leptin hormone?

A

Adipose tissue

20
Q

How does leptin affect appetite and satiety?

A

Leptin is secreted by adipose tissue into the bloodstream and travels to the arcuate nucleus in the brain. Within the arcuate nucleus, leptin inhibits the release of orexigenic peptides from AGRP and NYP neurones which will inhibit the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and suppress appetite. Leptin also promotes the release of anorexigenic peptides from POMC neurones in the arcuate nucleus which will stimulate the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to promote satiety

21
Q

Which five hormones are secreted by the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Ghrelin
Peptide YY (PYY)
Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1)
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Oxyntomodulin

22
Q

Which hormone secreted by the gastrointestinal tract acts as a appetite signal?

A

Ghrelin

23
Q

Which main gastrointestinal organ secretes ghrelin hormone?

A

Mainly the fundus of the stomach

24
Q

How does ghrelin affect appetite and satiety?

A

Ghrelin is secreted by gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream and travels to the arcuate nucleus in the brain. Within the arcuate nucleus, ghrelin promotes the release of orexigenic peptides from AGRP and NYP neurones which will promote the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and promote appetite. Ghrelin also inhibits the release of anorexigenic peptides from POMC neurones in the arcuate nucleus which will inhibit the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) which will inhibit satiety

25
Q

When is the blood concentration of ghrelin at its highest and lowest?

A

The blood concentration of ghrelin is at its highest during the fast prior to a meal and at its lowest just after a meal

26
Q

Which six factors and hormones supress ghrelin secretion?

A

Eating
Hyperglycaemia
Obesity
Oxyntomodulin
Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1)
Leptin

27
Q

Which four factors and hormones promote ghrelin secretion?

A

Fasting
Hypoglycaemia
Glucagon
Low leptin concentration

28
Q

Which four hormones secreted by the gastrointestinal tract act as satiety signals?

A

Peptide YY (PYY)
Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1)
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Oxyntomodulin

29
Q

Which main gastrointestinal organs secrete peptide YY (PYY)?

A

Ileum
Colon

30
Q

How does peptide YY (PYY) affect appetite and satiety?

A

Peptide YY (PYY) is secreted by gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream and travels to the arcuate nucleus in the brain. Within the arcuate nucleus, peptide YY (PYY) acts as an agonist for the inhibitory Y2 receptors on the NYP neurone, inhibiting the release of orexigenic peptides NYP neurones which will inhibit the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and supress appetite. Peptide YY (PYY) also promotes the release of anorexigenic peptide from POMC neurones in the arcuate nucleus which will promote the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) which will promote satiety

31
Q

(T/F) Peptide YY (PYY) is secreted from the gastrointestinal tract in proportion to the caloric content of the food consumed

A

TRUE.

32
Q

Which two hormones influence peptide YY (PYY) secretion?

A

Gastrin
Cholecystokinin (CCK)

33
Q

Which main gastrointestinal organ secretes glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1)?

A

Endocrine L-cells of the small intestine

34
Q

How does glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) affect appetite and satiety?

A

Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) is secreted by gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream and travels to the arcuate nucleus in the brain. Within the arcuate nucleus, glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) inhibits the release of orexigenic peptides from AGRP and NYP neurones which will inhibit the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and suppress appetite. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) also promotes the release of anorexigenic peptide from POMC neurones in the arcuate nucleus which will promote the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) which will promote satiety

35
Q

Which other organ secretes glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1)

A

The nucleus tactus solitarius in the brainstem also secretes glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1)

36
Q

How does glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) secreted by the nucleus tactus solitarius in the brainstem suppress appetite and promote satiety?

A

Nucleus tactus solitarius in the brainstem projects into the paraventricular nucleus, allowing glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) to promote the activity of the paraventricular nucleus and promote satiety

37
Q

What is semaglutide?

A

Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) analogue drug used to treat type two diabetes and cardiovascular disease

MODULE 12 - Integrated Body Systems (19 decks)

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