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MODULE 12 - Integrated Body Systems > ANIMAL HUSBANDRY - Bovine Fertility Visits > Flashcards

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY - Bovine Fertility Visits Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we carry out routine bovine fertility visits?

A

Improve reproductive efficiency
Improve animal health and welfare
Set and achieve targets within the farm

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2
Q

What are seven typical procedures carried out during a bovine fertility visit?

A

Post-partum checks
Treat post-partum disease
Pre-breeding checks
Pregnancy diagnosis (PDs)
Determine appropriate treatment for PD negative cows
Examine cows who have exceeded voluntary waiting period (VWP)
Body condition scoring

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3
Q

What does voluntary waiting period (VWP) refer to within the cattle industry?

A

The voluntary waiting period (VWP) is the interval following calving where cows are deliberately left unserved even if detected in oestrus

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4
Q

What does the the transition period refer to within the dairy industry?

A

The transition period refers to the three weeks before and three weeks after calving

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5
Q

Why are dairy cattle most susceptible to disease during the transition period?

A

Dairy cattle undergo significant physiological changes during the transition period as they prepare for calving and lactation which can make the cattle more susceptible to disease

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6
Q

List eight common diseases to look out for during a post partum check

A

Retained foetal membranes
Metritis
Endometritis
Ketosis
Displaced abomasum
Rumenal acidosis
Hypomagnesaemia
Hypocalcaemia

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7
Q

When are foetal membranes classified as retained foetal membranes?

A

Foetal membranes are classified as retained if they have not been expelled from the cow twelve hours post calving

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8
Q

What are the four risk factors that can predispose cattle to retained foetal membranes?

A

Dystocia
Twins
Hypocalcaemia
Poor hygiene at calving

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9
Q

What is metritis?

A

Metritis is inflammation of the uterus

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10
Q

What is the characteristic sign of metritis?

A

Foul smelling brown to red watery vaginal discharge

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11
Q

What are the three risk factors that can predispose cattle to metritis?

A

Dystocia
Retained foetal membranes
Poor hygiene at calving

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12
Q

How should metritis be treated in cattle?

A

Adminster NSAIDs and antibiotics

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13
Q

What is endometritis?

A

Endometritis is chronic inflammation ( >20 days) of the endometrium

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14
Q

What is the ‘lay’ term often used to describe endometritis in the UK?

A

Endometritis is often referred to as ‘whites’ by farmers in the UK

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15
Q

What is the characteristic sign of endometritis?

A

White vaginal discharge

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16
Q

Which antibiotic should be used to treat endometritis in cattle?

A

Metricure

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17
Q

How should Metricure be administered to treat endometritis?

A

Intrauterine infusion

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18
Q

Why are dairy cattle so susceptible to ketosis during the transition period?

A

Ketosis in dairy cattle is caused by a negative energy balance, which means that cows are not consuming enough energy to meet the body’s demands. This is particularly common during lactation where there is a high energy requirement due to their high milk yield

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19
Q

What are the four risk factors that can predispose cattle to a displaced abomasum postpartum?

A

Hypocalcaemia
Ketosis
Retained foetal membranes
Metritis

20
Q

When should the first ultrasound to check for pregnancy in cattle be carried out?

A

28 - 35 post serving

21
Q

When should the second ultrasound to check for pregnancy in cattle be carried out?

A

30 days after the first ultrasound

22
Q

What is common practice in the dairy industry to reduce the calving to conception interval and improve reproductive efficiency?

A

Manipulating the bovine oestrous cycles

23
Q

How can the administration of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) be used to manipulate the oestrus cycle in cattle?

A

Administration of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) will stimulate the secretion of luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland which will in turn trigger ovulation, allowing for the optimisation of ovulation

24
Q

How can the administration of progesterone be used to manipulate the oestrus cycle in cattle?

A

Administration of progesterone can be used to synchronise the oestrus cycles of the cattle within the herd

25
Q

What are dairy farmer key performance indicators (KPIs)?

A

Dairy farmer key performance indicators (KPIs) are important performance metrics which help farmers to assess the performance of their dairy operations

26
Q

Which five dairy farmer key performance indicators (KPIs) are usually assessed?

A

Calving interval
Conception rate
Submission rate
Pregnancy rate
Calving to first service interval

27
Q

What does calving interval refer to in the dairy industry?

A

A calving interval is the amount of time between the birth of one calf and the subsequent birth of the next calf from the same cow

28
Q

What is the target calving interval within the dairy industry?

A

The target calving interval is 384 days

29
Q

What does conception rate refer to within the dairy industry?

A

Conception rate refers to the proportion of served cows which become pregnant

30
Q

How do you calculate conception rate?

A

Conception rate = (number of animals pregnant / number of services) x 100

31
Q

What is the target conception rate within the dairy industry?

A

The target conception rate is 45%

32
Q

What can be done to improve conception rates within dairy cattle?

A

Improve nutrition
Genomic selection
Altering insemination practices
Reduce heat stress
Reduce post-partum disease

33
Q

What does submission rate refer to in the dairy industry?

A

Submission rate refers to the proportion of eligible cows that are served during a 21 day period

34
Q

How do you calculate submission rate?

A

Submission rate = (number of animals served / number of animals eligible to be served) x 100

35
Q

What is the target submission rate within the dairy industry?

A

53%

36
Q

What can be done to improve submission rates within dairy cattle?

A

Monitor cattle for signs of oestrus
Synchronise the oestrous cycles within the herd
Use a vasectomised bull to detect if cows are in oestrus
Use servicing detection aids i.e. tail paint

37
Q

What does pregnancy rate refer to in the dairy industry?

A

Pregnancy rate refers to the proportion of eligible cows that have become pregnant within a 21-day period

38
Q

How do you calculate pregnancy rate?

A

Pregnancy rate = (number of animals pregnant / number of animals eligible to be served) x 100

39
Q

What is the target pregnancy rate within the dairy industry?

A

21%

40
Q

What does calving to first service interval refer to in the dairy industry?

A

Calving to first service interval is the number of days from when a cow calves until her first service

41
Q

What is the target calving to service interval within the dairy industry?

A

70 days

42
Q

What are the advantages of natural service within the cattle industry?

A
  • No requirement for oestrus detection as the bull’s natural instinct is to identify and mate with cows in heat (oestrus)
  • Minimal animal handling required
43
Q

What are the disadvantages of natural service within the cattle industry?

A

Risk of injury to the bull
Presence of bull increases risk of injury to the farm workers
Increased risk of infectious disease transmission

44
Q

What are the advantages of aritificial insemination (AI) within the cattle industry?

A

Select for favourable genetics (more reliable estimated breeding values EBVs)
Safer (no bull required)
No risk of infectious disease transmission
Synchronise insemination

45
Q

What are the disadvantages of aritificial insemination (AI) within the cattle industry?

A

More management required
Increased costs
Storage facilities required

46
Q

What data would you use to advise a farmer as to which bull they should used to serve their cows?

A

Estimated breeding value (EBV)

Refer back to genetics flashcards

MODULE 12 - Integrated Body Systems (19 decks)

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