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MODULE 12 - Integrated Body Systems > PARASITOLOGY - Helminth Zoonoses > Flashcards

PARASITOLOGY - Helminth Zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main modes of transmission of zoonotic helminth infection?

A

Ingestion of eggs from infected animals or the environment
Ingestion of infected foodstuffs

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2
Q

List two common zoonotic helminths found in the dog

A

Toxocara canis
Echinococcus granulosus granulosus

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3
Q

List two common zoonotic helminths found in the pig

A

Trichinella spiralis
Taenia solium

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4
Q

Describe the lifecycle of toxocara canis

A
  1. Eggs containing L3 larvae are ingested
  2. L3 hatch in the small intestine
  3. L3 migrate to the tissues and go into arrest
  4. L3 activate in response to pregnancy (around 3 weeks pre-partum)
  5. L3 migrate across the placenta and into the foetal lungs
  6. At birth, L3 migrate to the small intestine of the puppy via the trachea where they are coughed up and ingested
  7. L3 develop into L4 larvae and then into adults in the small intestine
  8. Female Toxocara Canis adults produce eggs which are excreted into the environment in the faeces
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5
Q

What are the four routes of toxocara canis infection in dogs?

A

Faecal-oral
Transplacental
Transmammary
Paratenic hosts

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6
Q

What makes Toxocara Canis eggs so challenging to destroy?

A

Toxocara canis eggs have thick, sticky egg shells which allow the eggs to survive in the envrionment for years

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7
Q

(T/F) When L3 toxocara canis arrests within host tissue, the L3 larvae are resistant to anthelmintics

A

TRUE.

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8
Q

What are the two forms of disease seen in humans infected with toxocara canis?

A

Visceral larva migrans (VLM)
Ocular larva migrans (OLM)

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9
Q

What is the most common route of transmission for visceral larva migrans (VLM)?

A

Young children ingesting toxocara canis eggs when playing in soil contaminated with dog faeces

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10
Q

What are the four control methods that can be used to prevent toxocara canis infection in humans?

A

Educating the public/dog owners
Prevention of environmental contamination
Reduce the number of stray dogs
Treat dogs with anthelmintics

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11
Q

When should anthelmintics be given to puppies to treat Toxocara Canis?

A

Anthelmintics 16 days after birth and again at 5 weeks of age

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12
Q

When should anthelmintics be given to pregnant bitches to treat Toxocara Canis?

A

Anthelmintics should be given three weeks pre-partum and two days post-partum

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13
Q

Which anthelmintic should be used to treat pregnant bitches with toxocara canis?

A

High dose fenbendazole

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14
Q

What is the definitive host of Baylisascaris Procyonis?

A

Raccoons

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15
Q

What are the two most significant paratenic hosts of Baylisascaris Procyonis?

A

Humans
Dogs

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16
Q

How do dogs become infected with Echinococcus granulosus granulosus?

A

Dogs become infected through ingesting hydatid cysts when feeding on fallen stock or offal

17
Q

How do sheep become infected with Echinococcus granulosus granulosus?

A

Sheep become infected through ingesting eggs from dog faeces

18
Q

How do humans become infected with Echinococcus granulosus granulosus?

A

Humans become infected through ingesting eggs due to close contact with infected dogs

19
Q

Which disease is caused by Echinococcus granulosus granulosus infection in humans?

A

Human Hydatidosis

20
Q

What are the four control methods that can be used to prevent Echinococcus granulosus granulosus infection in humans?

A

Regular deworming of dogs
Proper disposal of sheep carcasses
Deny access of dogs to abattoirs
Hygiene

21
Q

What are the definitive hosts of Trichinella spiralis?

A

Most mammals, birds and reptiles

22
Q

Describe the lifecycle of Trichinella spiralis

A
  1. Ingestion of encysted muscle containing L1 Trichinella spiralis larvae
  2. L1 larvae infect the small intestinal mucosa
  3. L1 larvae develop into adults within the small intestinal mucosa
  4. Adults reproduce and produce L1 larvae
  5. L1 larvae penetrate the small intestinal mucosa and migrate via blood and lymph to the muscle
  6. L1 larvae encyst in the muscle
23
Q

How do pigs become infected and reinfected with Trichinella spiralis?

A

Consuming swill that has not been boiled
Tail biting
Killing and eating infected rodents

24
Q

How do humans become infected with Trichinella spiralis?

A

Ingestion of undecooked pork or game meat

25
Q

What percentage of humans infections with Trichinella spiralis is caused by the ingestion of game meat?

A

40%

26
Q

How is Trichinella spiralis diagnosed?

A

Trichinella spiralis is diagnosed through taking muscle samples during a meat inspection. These samples are digested by pepsin or HCL to reveal the Trichinella spiralis cysts

27
Q

Where do they take samples of muscle from to diagnose Trichinella spiralis?

A

Diaphragm
Intercostal muscles
Tongue
Masseter muscles

28
Q

What are the five control methods that can be used to prevent Trichinella spiralis infection?

A

Don’t feed uncooked meat to pigs
Control rodent population in piggaries
Dispose carcasses responsibly
Cook game and pork thoroughly
Education

29
Q

What is the final host of taenia solium?

A

Humans

30
Q

What are the two intermediate hosts of taenia solium?

A

Pigs
Humans

31
Q

Humans are both final and intermediate hosts for Taenia Solium so can suffer from auto-infection. Describe what this is.

A

Humans can suffer from auto-infection of Taenia Solium via reverse peristalsis where the eggs produced by the adults in the small intestine are moved back into the stomach and rupture. The larvae are activated and migrate through the tissues where they encyst

32
Q

Where do Taenia Solium larvae commonly encyst?

A

Ocular and central nervous system tissue

33
Q

Which disease is caused by taenia solium infection in humans?

A

Neurocysticercosis

34
Q

What are the six control methods that can be used to prevent Taenia solium infection?

A

Treat humans with anthelmintics
Education
Mass treatment of pigs
Meat inspection
Vaccination of pigs
Pig corralling

MODULE 12 - Integrated Body Systems (19 decks)

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